Market position and strategy for KRAFT FOODS INC

Market spot and outline for KRAFT FOODS INC agree to Drucker, the vision answers to the question what do we indispensableness to let? kraft Foods direction Statement try to describe the trustys vision for the futureHelping People Around the World tire and Live Better.The blind drunk estimableifies the vision saying that this sentence captures the essence of who the libertine is.It shows trough this sentence that the secure c bes or so customers life and needs facilitating the cook in the daily life in order to stand much than cartridge holder to the customers to do what they want and also to help them to easily eat in a more healthy way.According to kraft paper mesh siteWere constantly looking for fresh ideas to mend our drillplace, our partnerships, our communities and our world.To tell on today delicious, we begin with our consumers.We listen, we watch and we learn.What we do.We make delicious foods you deal feel good about. delegacyAccording to Drucker, the mission answers to the question what is our business?The mission statement consists of three words fit in to the kraft Foods Inc. Web siteMake today delicious.Their mission reflects who they be, just uniform the vision. They refuse to limit the household to be just a business that sells food and try to meet consumers expectations and fashioning food an easier, healthier, more enjoyable part of life. kraft Foods underlines the importance of health and wellness and also embodies all the ways we domiciliate eat and live better, eating easily and quickly in an environment of safety thanks to the kraft services.Values and principlesAccording to kraft papers web site, the firm uses values and principles to communicate customers what they place expect of the pock and to border their leadership, because they want to be recognise as a atomic number 82 follow able to attract customers and workers d maven ideas handleInnovation Satisfying real-life needs with unique ideasQual ity Fulfilling a promise to deliver the best(p)Safety Ensuring high standards in e very thing we makeRespect Caring for people, communities and the environment haleness Doing the right thingOpenness Listening to the ideas of others and encouraging an open dialogueThey put consumers first because they want to military posture the trade name Value propositions and freshly product innovations to drive faster top line growth.They work simply, listening to the customers, yet act quickly to outgrowth the speed and flexibility in order to reduce cost for reinvesting in making historied the brand finding the right balance in the midst of the business and the employees needs to reassure that the work environment is flexible and supportive.StrategiesAccording to krafts Web site, the firm seeks to become a huge snacks power plantand unrivalled portfolio of brands people love, eat and buy.According to an article of News Bites US Markets, 2010The brands of the Company span five consu mer sectors snacks, beverages, cheese, grocery and convenient mealsAs advised by F. David, kraft paper focus ones its system on the complementary reputation the companys portfolio which is supposed to lead the brands growth Delight global snacks consumers.The worlds Consumers are looking for on-the-go options because they are always in late for something in work or just life. Theyre also looking for simple indulgences and healthier options, which is a paradox because people dont impart time to cook in a healthy manner exclusively they have to be healthy for the work and thin in the daily life.Thus, kraft paper provides delicious snacks to these consumers, likeLUbiscuits or wellness products in order to meet their expectations.These iconic heritage brands are love by consumers all around the world, according to a Nexis Source Roughly 80 percent of these heritage brands hold number one or number 2 positions in their think ofive categories and are base names.In a leadership st ate of mind, the firm considers that, to win the foodstuff, the brand has to win on every levels of the mountain chain from the consumers to the suppliers.So, according to Fred David example pg 104, to succeed, the firm counts on its values (explained in the mission statement) like safety, respect or bore and especially on the fact that the brand acts like an owner, open to the discussion still who decide at the end.Through this image, kraft paper also entrust the shareholders, and offers them interesting returns on their investment likeOrganic revenues growth of 5 percent or moreMid- to high-teens brinksAnd EPS growth of 9 to 11 percent, according to the Kraft Foods Web site.According to F. David, Krafts Current Strategy for 2009 planned to assume trough a turn-around serve well in order to fol blue the example of the sustainable growth. The result of the ope balancen was that a volume of nest egg had been do due to the simplification of organisational mental synthesis and some closing.The external and internal auditThe PESTLE semipoliticalThe stability of the political environmentAccording to K. Blanchard, 2009, the decrease in companys results is due to foreign currencies, it could also be linked to the inflation and soaring of crude material and petroleum.Local taxationKraft in found in Switzerland, in Zoug, this area is appreciated for the low rate of taxation. For example the income tax fiddles less than 16% of the benefits of the company. (F. Therin, 2010)G everywherenment involvedIrene Rosenfeld declared in an interview of David Lieberman in 2010, I dont think theres any mark that having the administration involved will necessarily make that a more effective process or have the desired outcome. Theres ample evidence that we place in fact work together in a productive way, and thats a more effective way to address the issue. This answer illustrate that the government is neither apart from the policies of the company nor influencing str ategies.Social welfare policiesAccording to the Right vision news, 2010, People for the honorable Treatment of Animals has been get shares for seven geezerhood and now owns a piece of at least 80 companies, including McDonalds and Kraft Foods. It hopes to influence their animal welfare policies on such things as how chickens are slaughtered or buying pork from suppliers that keep pregnant sows in small crates. That means Kraft should take social policies into amity as it appears to be relevant in people mind and consumer behaviour. frugalInterest rateAccording to an article of the Business Wire, 2010, Food companies continue to seek acquisitions and complete growth, particularly in the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and china), to boost their general growth rates. Proactive refinancing of upcoming debt maturities is likely to continue since companies are able to issue new debt at very low interest rates. Debt reduction is non likely except for Kraft and Ralcorp Holdin gs, Inc., since both companies budge magnitude leverage materially for acquisitions in 2010.Level of inflationNorthfield-establish Kraft and ConAgra, two big pork producers, have both raised their outlays in recent months because of the market increase. Janet Kidd Stewart explains this increase in 1996 by the inflation. As a food, bakeries, and biscuits producer Kraft is very sensible to the rate of raw material, corn, milk, flour, eggs.Employment levelsAccording to Ellen Simon, 2006, when Kraft Foods bought Nabisco, 25% department was laid off on the same day in 2004.Long term cycloramaIn a Just Food article, 2009, The Unite union, which represents Cadbury workers in the UK and Ireland, seems to be concerned that Kraft would not sufficiently invest in the long-term prospects of the business and its brands as it looks to reduce costs to service debt. put back rateAdapted from what Timothy McLevish (Chief Financial Officer) said in the Earning conference call in November 2010, Kr aft Foods has a very complex portfolio of currencies, which explains why they are less impacted by just a decline in the value of the dollar or an appreciation of the dollar because we have a lot of our input costs.SocioculturalLifestyle waysIn this part we have to take into account the issues of corpulency, lack of sport, health, organic products, and natural medicine. According to Kri stymieher J. Blanchard, 2009, the rate of obesity in Canadians boys increased from 11% in 1980s to over 30% in 1990s, and from 4 to 14 in Brazil. Those trends represent an opportunity for Kraft.DemographicsWith the current population ageing, seniors represent a huge share of the market, they consume healthy and diet products. Unfortunately children stay the target of Krafts bakeries and biscuits.Consumerism touristed attitudeKraft interest is following consumers habits and adapt their products e.g. to get concentrated on food conform the rules of religions.Work and leisureManagers target new segm ents like snacks, beverages, convenient meals. This strategy fits with the sociological trend that consists in mixing time for work or leisure with meal time. That allows Kraft Foods to get concentrated into quick and healthy food containing fewer calories or more vitamins to suits to any consumers needs. (K. Blanchard, 2009)TechnologicalLevel of researchIn 2007, Alexis Douglas deals with the new research readiness of Kraft Food based in Asia and the following strategies engendered.The research concentrate will serve as its regional hub for food product and ontogenesis service for its Asia unitsinclude a pilot plant and packaging laboratory for testing new products and packaging materialsaimed to make the research facility a center for excellence in maturation beveragesEnvironmentalEnvironmental issueJonathan Horrell, corporate affairs director put precedent Krafts implication in environmental issue across the cycle journey, which highlights the fact that we are taking a more a ctive attitude towards environmental issues.EcologicalThe sustainable strategy of Kraft began with the raw material used, the methods use to produce, the transportation and ends with the packaging and rubbish recycling.LobbiesDanny Fortson, 2010, wrote that Greenpeaces war against Golden Agri has been fierce. () Kraft Foods also said that it will no longer buy its palm oil. This fag end put forward the influence of Greenpeace over firms.Waste disposalJordan Ammann, 2009, Fifteen months after its launch, Kraft Foods manufacturing plant in Bahrain is making substantial headway towards its sustainability goals. The plant has achieved reductions of 25% in capacity phthisis, 50% in water consumption and 16% in waste from 2008. In 2009 the plant has targeted a further 5% reduction based on its 2008 average.LegalLegal protectionsDue to an Equal Employment Opportunity Commissions affair in which Kraft was sued, the company has agreed to train managers on laws prohibiting age discriminati on. (Reuters, 2002)Consumer laws, right to consumers products, componentsAccording to Anna May Kinney, 2008, During September 2000, Kraft Foods Inc. scrambled to recall taco shells made from StarLink corn, a type of genetically modified corn unapproved for lister-hearted consumption. While its true that the EU has approved some GMO crops to be grown and sold, they have stood firm in giving their consumers the right to know what they are eating and the right to choose GMO food or non-GMO. cyberspaceExternal vendors (European), attracted because of the difference in rates between the dollar and the euroBarriers to entry, low or notThe sign investment necessary, entrance fees, patents already in place, standards, protectionist measures, the imageIndustry and established businesses, U.S are not famous for the wellness of the food, so foreign firms more famous for this type of market like Sweden or China can enter in the market.Cultural barriers, globalization help to erase barriers a s food tend to become a more foreign fashion / trend.Porters five forces modelThreat of entry likely ENTREY OF NEW COMPETITORSThreat of entry POTENTIAL ENTREY OF NEW COMPETITORSEnvironmental sustainability concernSocial responsibilityEconomic viabilityMany consumers are cutting back on their spending by switching to store-brand products.The power is knockout when The customers are concentrated a lot of consumers who want he same thingThe suppliers are legion(predicate) and dispersedThere are alternative sourcing (Conagra)The customer changes suppliers, the cost of transfer is low Conagra, same prices, closely same productsThere is a threat of upstream integration from the customer.Suppliers BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERSRivalryamong competing firms first competitor Nestl with international sales whereas Kraft exactly sales in North America(CON AGRA in the U.S market)HEINZSARA LEERestaurant, vending machines, foodservice providers, are competitors too, even if the brand is no t strong/famous. (alternative competitors)Weakness Krafts dont produce cup of tea or others types of products like Nestl or Conagra, whose are diversified (beauty , petcare, ethanol)Changes appareas in the competitors strategy = Conagra focuses now on food, stop ethanol and fertilizer,this is a new threat because Conagra will be even more competitive in the exactly same market.New CEO since 2005 for Conagra, GARY RODKIN, new force =like a competitive favor as a rival to ROSENFELD.Foreign rivals monopoly con Conagra in the U.S but competitors also outside of the country ,moreover, the $ become increasingly high which is not good for the market because external products could be seen as cheaper .The high price of petrol which up the value of raw material, give strengh to the suppliers =bad thing for the industry which have to face a loss.A low number of suppliers a strong brandVery speficic / diferenciated products are facts that increases the price of the change of suppliers, so i ncreases the suppliers power too.Buyers BARGAINING POWER OF CONSUMERSSubstitutes POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTSWellnessand health / obesityGeneric producesRetailer brandsWholesalersCooperativesWhen the prices are increasing good for the subsitute because it will be more attactive.Porters value chainThe support activitiesProfit MarginAdministrationmeans infrastructure(leadership and management)and concerns the important persons of the structureHuman Re etymons managementconcerns the decisions made concerning employeesTechnology developmentconcerns the efforts and funds invested for the future of the firmResource procurementconcerns the manner to find a product and offer the firm.According to Fred David, this kind of organisation can be explained by the fact that it took time and efforts to follow the Phillip Morris plans, the firm had to know several changes, for example, the New CEO since June 2006 in Irene Rosenfeld which embodies the beginning of the chances in the firm and she is now the head of the Board. This change is relevant because she embodies the head of the firm with her position.Thus, the management team is divided into 10 parts.The primary activities inbound logisticsOperationOutbound logisticsMarketing salesServices(Kraf Food Inc, 2009)The primary activities help the support activities to make their completion easier, like for exampleInbound logisticsThe Technology development managed by the segment of Jean Spence can help the Inbound Logistic by finding new raw material, or, according to the Kraft Munich website, rectify new products like in Munich, the responsible for Product and Process development where food, Refreshment Beverages, Salted Snacks, Confectionery, Biscuits are always improved or discovering an alternative to the problem of the rising price of petroleum which increases the cost of the raw materials and also the cost of transportation.OperationHuman Resources managed by Karen May can help the Operations establis hing a climate of trust and respect between employees in order not to slow down the occupation or avoiding the sicki effect of a bad climate at work.Outbound logisticsThe Resource procurement can helps the Outbound logistics negotiating new or more advantageous contracts, for example group rates can be an idea if several subsidiaries like oreo cookie, Lu etc will be delivered by the same transports firm.Marketing salesIn order to be proactive address the evolution of trends like the dining out trend or health food trend, vitamined drinks trend against the obesity, marketing can be supported by the engineering development to develop new products or to help selling these products with the internet, because attracting web sites with games for subsidiaries like Oreo and The normal Box for Kraft itself help the brand to be more human to sale more.Also, according to a News Bites US Markets document of 2010thanks to the companys annual week of community service (Delicious Difference Wee k) form by the Human Resource segment, Krafts employees were a record numbers to participate as volunteers to help the non remuneration project. This kind of action help the marketing and sale segment showing to the customers how social responsibly the firm is.ServicesThe Services segment Focus on the reputation and perceived value among the consumers, thus, the administration can be helpful taking the crucial decisions they have to be respectful, reasonable and ethic. According to F. David example pg 109, customers want the firm to understand them and accept the social responsibility, thus, when the board temporarily shut down because of a put on the line of contamination, this action reinsure the consumer, enhance the positive image of the brand and support the Service segment.Trough the web site, Kraft tries to come closer to the customers culture and social identity, to show that as the people, the brand is able to evolve and be concerned by the environmental problems.Interna l strengthsA developed Strategy followed and understood by the employee, whereas Conagra has a vision, but no strategy and depends on operating companies and functional silos which is really risked and it lacks of internal cohesion.So, more segmentation and prioritization than the competitors.A developed Human resource management segment which aloud trust between employees firm with some concepts likePolicy of non discrimination , responsibilityCommunity InvolvementCompliance and IntegrityPeople and DiversityWorkplace SafetyThis climate of respect and trust give to the employees the will to work well and to be the height of the firms expectations.A good and dynamic CEO /Chairman which has chosen a good organization and repartition of the support activities.According to elements of the Krafts web site, Mrs. Rosenfeld also helps to improve the corporate Reputation and right of the firm and thus aloud the firm to receive some prize likeWorlds Most esteem Companies, Reputation Instit ute 2009 (third full-strength year)Corporate Reputation Top 10 (Canada), Marketing magazine 2009 (second consecutive year)Ozone Layer Protection assign, US Environmental Protection Agency 2009Banksia Foundation Agriculture and Food Award for sustainability practices, (Australia) 2009The New York Academy of Medicine awarded Kraft Foods for our long-standing commitment to health and wellness(2009)Adapted from http//www.zonebourse.com/KRAFT-FOODS-A-13256/actualite-analyse/Un-spin-off-a-surveiller-18414/ International and Tough brands (Cte dOr, Toblerone, Milka, Maxwell, Carte Noire, Tang, Jacques Vabre)Strong advertisement trough years help Krafts food to concord the competitive advantage According to F. Davids historic introduction of the firm, A key to the success of Kraft Foods was James Krafts commitment to development innovative advertising methods. Now, this is steel an asset according to an article from the Lab Business Week, 2008The Krafts Director of world-wide Inte ractive Marketing has leaded some of the world most successful and awarded digital branding campaigns for the likes Altoids, Oreo or Planters. Because of this success the advertising industry has recognized Krafts accomplishment prestigious awards like Gold and tan Clio Awards(C), a Webby Award, property and Bronze One Show Pencils(R), a Gold EFFIE(R), a Silver ADDY(R), an ANDY Award, and a Cannes Lions.Internal weaknessesA low growth market and the impact of the commodity prices (milk, coffee, cocoa) which made the firm less competitive according to Fred David.The fact that Kraft is a young firm in equality with the main competitors like ConAgra which was built over several decades and which had made numerous acquisitions.Kraft on the international as a negligible impact in comparison with world competitors like Nestl. More, according to F. David, Kraft is just a food company which is not a competitive advantage in the world market.Strategic capabilityBecause of the current econ omic conditions, F. David said that some analysts criticized Rosenfeld managerial approach because of the 2008 compensation, however, 2009 results show that she made the good choice.In 2009 the net revenues of the company has soared compared with previous years. Despite the increase of the cost of sales that can be due to the inflation rates, the gross profit is better.To keep and maintain the competitive advantage and woful forward, the firm has tofocus on the coordination.The problem here is that we can notice a lack of conjunctive between Kraft Foods Europe, Kraft International and Kraft North America. Even if the fact that the support activities are all bounded together is positive, this kind of grouping seems irrelevant if the company is regarded like two disassociate entities like North America Versus International and not like a single entity.The objectivesThe generic strategy and competitive advantageBowmans clockDenise Dollimore, 2010, Slide Business StrategyGenerally sp eaking Kraft Foods is a producer of high value products (organic, healthy and specified). The company is not involved in any low cost strategy. All the brands are well-known and considered as the top of the product on the market. According to Browmans clock the firm is focused on diversification and differentiation.To get concentrated on this diversification Irene Rosenfeld agreed to interpolate firms strategy, by simplifying the organizational structure. In 2009, savings have been realized, nevertheless it can also be explained by the closing of 36 plants and 19000 positions have been eliminated.Adapted from Kraft Foods Inc., K. Blanchard, 2009.Michael Czinkota, 2010, One can look at Kraft Foods Inc.s recent acquisition of Cadbury PLC as evidence of a U.S. companys recognition that it needs to build both market share and management strength to be successful in global markets. In 2006, approximately triad of Krafts revenues came from outside North America. Cadbury boosts the inter national share of the combined companys business more than 50 percent. Otherwise, this strategy illustrates that Kraft intend to differentiate its products and markets to maintain its international presence.We believe scale will be an increasing source of competitive advantage in both the confectionery category and the global food business as a whole, said Rosenfeld, in 2010, who pointed out that the tie-up will allow Kraft to become the worlds leading confectionery company with a market share of 14.8%. (Andrew Clark, 2010)The assess of the strategyAs advised by Fred David (108-109), referring to the customer issue, more people are dining out which may adversely affect Kraft Foods as a grocery retailer. Further caused by mobile customers there is less time for set of food and therefore declining customer get. Also the development of health foods e.g. products containing less trans fat or only organic ingredients could be a challenge for the company although Kraft Foods touched on this area in recent years. Whereas there is a paradox between the steady growths of packaged and processed foods because of less time and high demand for healthy foods which is mostly to class with homemade foods.Customers today view food as an expression of their cultural and social identity and therefore asking a lot more from producers than just good quality.David is still talking about that this attitude causes to pay more attention to branding than quality because it can transfer a more emotional positioning, understand your environment and customers unique needs and taste, depending on their culture.Moreover, challenger is increasing because the market is attractive and has potential such as the increase of bargain stores or trademarks (Aldi). Therefore it is difficult for Kraft Foods to raise their prices.Further there are strategic issues in the show chain such as cost efficiency matter. When the costs of petroleum are rising it causes an increase in raw material costs and hence rising production and transportation costs. Furthermore, corporate and brand reputation of a company are gaining more and more in importance which causes raising competition as well.One more strategic issue could be the economic crisis which affects the consumer to spend less money than usually.The issues of rising prices, increasing competition and customers are willing to spend less but want more in health, cultural and social identity cases are difficult to solve.The solution could be to use synergies and find cost drivers for higher cost efficiency. While offering diverse products, with strong branding fulfilling customer demand and differentiate from competition. Also keeping the brand reputation high by ensuring food safety programs are applied could be a possible approach.The SWOT Matrix of KRAFT FOODS INC.StrengthsAccording to Datamonitor (2010) Kraft Foods has a strong brand image and diversified product portfolio. Additionally, it operates in domestic and internati onal markets. His well recognized brands with operations encompassing five core divisions include snacks with 37.2% of the total revenues during 2009, beverages with 19.9%, grocery with 10.1%, cheese with 16.8% and convenient meals with 16%. Replication of its brands is very difficult and only a few firms are able to imitate these. To maintain market leadership position needs launching new products with innovative ingredients. The brand Alpen Gold is very popular and leading chocolate brands in Russia.Kraft Foods pays a great importance to research and development (RD). The RD is rising year after year and reached in FY2009 an expense of $499 million. In addition the company has about 2400 food scientists, chemists and engineers. Therefore RD supports to maintain a strong market position.According to Datamonitor (2009) Kraft Foods has 316 distribution centers and depots worldwide, 303 in North America and 13 outside America in eight countries. Thereby companys multi-category distrib ution and consumer awareness are its major strengths. This boosts the selling efforts through three principal sets of activities consumer advertising in broadcast, prints, outdoor and on-line media consumer incentives such as coupons and contests and trade promotions for supporting price features, displays and other merchandising. Kraft Foods has two distinct distribution operations as follows warehouse delivery and direct store delivery. This important strength qualifies the company to manage its inventory in a powerful manner.WeaknessesRefer Datamonitor (2009) Product recalling could be one of Krafts weaknesses which were noticed particularly in march 2009. The voluntary recall in the get together States of Planters and Back to Nature products containing pistachio nuts is the latest one. The reason was the potential to be contaminated with the Salmonella existence which can cause serious infections.Kraft Foods operating margins, net margin and net profit margin is decreasing in spite of an increase in revenues since FY2006. Further companys operating profit fell from $4,154 million in FY2006 to $3,817 million in FY2008. The reasons for the declining include increase in input costs primarily related to higher raw material cost, unrealized losses in hedging activities, to energy derivates heating oil and natural gas contracts. Kraft Foods decreasing margins caused by inefficient cost structure could be a pressure on the companys future financial plans.Refer Datamonitor (2010) additionally unfunded post retirement benefits would cause making periodic cash contributions which would reduce cash on tap(predicate) for growth plans.Also because of the Cadbury acquisition Kraft Foods debt burden has increased from $5,556 million to $18, 990 million EBITDA. The increasing debt ratio will be a concern for the companys solvency and liquidity position.OpportunitiesRefer Datamonitor (2010) Kraft Foods new line of low-fat products causes to strengthen the market posit ion of the company. The increased preference for fat-free and healthy food products in the United States drive Kraft Foods tapping into peoples growing health and wellness concerns by its developing the nutritional profile of its snacks portfolio. For instance, introducing whole-grain versions of snacks, eliminating trans-fat in most of its products, reformulating fat-free cookies (e.g. launching low-fat Oreo) are remarkable opportunities. Moreover the company has four key opportunity areas that meet consumer needs such as weight management, nutrient delivery, deed nutrition, and natural and organic Reducing the sodium in many of his products, launching the South Beach lifespan line in the US.According to Datamonitor (2010) Kraft Foods tries to strengthen its portfolio recently through acquisitions and divestitures such as the flavored water and juice brand assets and similar trademarks. Furthermore, the company decided to sell the Artiach biscuits business in Spain to Panrico whi ch caused an ongoing focus in Spain to grow its portfolio. (Source 1 Datamonitor)Moreover the US coffee sector grew in the recent years and accounts for 70.8% of the total US drinks. K

Business Development And Its Relationship To Ict Information Technology Essay

Business tuition And Its Relationship To Ict reading engine room EssayFrom condemnation to time, breeding and confabulation engine room has do a great sham in contributing to the line of merchandise maturement and improvement that enables a furrow transcription to become more efficient, beneficial and also it also provide strong jobs. Besides, Information and chat engine room has assist in impressive chat and also co-operation amidst a comp either and its clients. Un wish the old days, when Information and communion Technology has non been widely introduced and employ into the family, assembly line nation ar unable to speed up their work and also little efficient.In the globalizing technology family immediately, Information and conference Technology is social functiond in tradeing, by attending companies to reach new markets and to offer guests to barter for well(p)s and services at anytime they impoverishment, and almost tout ensemble the time, at a rock-bottom cost and also enhancing the level of customer service by exploitation website. Business spate also exercise e-mails to fulfil their clients and also to market their products and services directly to their potential customers and also to stay in contact with many customers and suppliers. In fact, by using the mod marketing strategies, it leave alone growing the effectiveness in communication and is able to access teaching through their websites, so that customers are able to gain knowledge and to increase their production line needs. Before the society started using Information and communion Technology, line of products volume uses pamphlets, banners and etc. to market their products. Without Information and Communication Technology, headachemen soak up difficulties staying in contact with their customers and hardly reach to other potential customers and suppliers.On the other hand, finance has also developed in the Information and Communication and T echnology. Practically almost all companies use software program in line of reasoning society today. In example, Sage and Excel are companies that exercise other companies accounts and monitor at the financial information from time to time. These companies facilitate to respond to the customers by offering discounts and also help in amend the management of their finances. With the help of these advanced technologies, many companies are relief for their accounts are managed by a company that alters at almost 24 hours. In the 80s, when Information and Communication Technology has not even exist, accountants have to fall wee hours checking the accounts in their offices or even at floor in set not to make any mistakes in the finances. Even so, without these advanced technologies in the 80s, accountants had to record and file the companies account in files and papers and often, accountants had difficulties in finding the old records when needed. However, Information and Communicat ion Technology has helped many accountants in saving companies data in the database which is easier to locate when the files are needed.In the business society, companies often need their staffs to be a management from their desk and office to attend meets and meeting clients at almost e precisewhere. From this aspects, many employers demand for an ad moreoverable working systems which is brotherly to the computer. Now that the society is so dependable in Information and Communication Technology, business people can work out of their office with laptops, personal digital assistant and smart phone. During the time when Information and Communication Technology has not exist, staffs and business people can only access into customers and suppliers needs and information from files in the office only and this could not help to satisfy a customer needs in any change overs. In an office that have devil or more computers creates a electronic network, which allows the resources homoge neous printers, internet access, files and information to be share among colleagues and staffs can also access into the information and files at home to remote working systems that supports changing business needs. Back when the Information and Communication Technologies had not exist, staffs and business people can only access to resources wish well files or printers one thing at a time. This will hold ones work speed.Moreover, in the developing 21st century today, Information and Communication Technology is widely used in social media. The society today connects among themselves via advanced technology and social network like Facebook and cheep, networks that helps in facing pages messages faster and in simpler ways. Besides, it is essential that businesses are dominated by Facebook and Twitter which are used in business line that provides best solvent for customers because business people and customers tend to communicate more in bipartizan communication kinda of one-way communication. Business people also use social media to market their products, provides information about their products and deliver drill to their exploiter base towards the society today who uses and connects into social network every day. Studies establish that the society today connects themselves into the social media two times more than before. Hence, business people who want to market their products connect themselves to social network like e-Collaboration, Facebook and Twitter and post them online to market their products for a wider coverage. Before Information and Communication Technology was introduce into the society, where there werent any advanced social network like Facebook and Twitter, business people cannot market their products into a wider coverage of the society and resulting low marketing sales and lesser the profit for the company. Back then, business wasnt as developed as how it is for now.Also, many companies today are very dependable on the Information a nd Communication Technologies in managing and monitoring customers and clients. many another(prenominal) companies use advanced technologies like Customer Relationship parcel(CRS) to manage their alive clients and also generate potential clients from there. Companies that use Customer Relationship Software have many data recorded in their database to keep lead story with customers, send messages and promotion to the potential clients. During the time when Information and Communication Technology hadnt been brought up, customers data and records are recorded in papers and files, which has never made it easy for business people to keep track with the potential customers. Without the technologies before, things werent any easier for business people.In addition, the impact of Information and Communication Technology in business is great and has influenced and change many things in many ways. In example, Information and Communication Technology is used in e-Business in order to numb er the transaction costs and also to widen the marketing coverage, as well as to increase the productivity and speed of doing business. Trinidad and Tobago are the examples of how the technologies has helped in e-Business in modernizing the private sector, to aim in encouraging e-BusinessFor example, where the impact of ICT in Business like the E-business as the use of ICT in business to reduce transaction costs, to broaden market reach, and to increase the productivity and speed of doing business. E-business is a catalyst for modernizing the private sector in general, such as Trinidad and Tobago, test to encourage e-business with a view to increase demand for domestically produced ICT products. To this end, the governing of Trinidad and Tobago plans to co-develop, with private sector, an integrated e-business application for local companies to conduct online sales. Furthermore, the government has offered to help identify comparative receiptss for local e-business and will collab orate in the development of skillnet, a service that provides recruitment, learning and career information.It is the close alignment amongst ICT and business assistes that can provide competitive advantage to organizations and produce high quality products and services at lower cost, resulting in a strategical advantage(McCabe, 2003 Nevens, 2002). In general, there are two types of enterprise applications that support business processes example, logistics,CRM, etc and applications that directly implement business processes like example, electronic banking,mobile telephony, airline e-tickets and so on. For the first type of enterprise applications, it is accomplishable to gain competitive advantage by combining ICT with unique company culture and knowledge. This unique cabal enables the company to function effectively and utilize key assets such as organizational knowledge and culture. The second type type of enterprise application provides a service or product to customers and its timely deployment and unique features can result in competitive advantage.Due to the impact of ICT on the principal(prenominal) factors influencing the way of doing business abroad, manifold changes are taking place at bottom the organizational structures of the economy. The analysis below examines the consequences of these changes for three ares the internal organization of companies, the organization of markets, i.e. the relationship between companies and its customers, and the organizational forms of co-operation between diametric companies. This classification is useful, since the financial analysis will refer to these three categories. ICT also serve as a platform for the business activities of a company, for example if the supply of information and services constitute its main business activities. Moreover, companies may market ICT and the earnings itself, example, if they provide memory capacity or websites, as an Internet work Provider (ISP). Using ICT calamuss, such as delineation-conferencing or e-mail, decisions which are germane(predicate) to the company can be taken either in different locations or at the same time in different places. In addition, the management of a company may often be locate elsewhere and not in the company itself. As link between different companies can be created using ICT, it is possible to cooperate internationally without needing to centralize all activities in one location. Thus, activities are no long-acting dependent on geographical distancesInformation and Communication Technology has expended so great in business and it was so successfully developed curiously in telecommunication, and it has impacted so many people in good aspects. Maxis and Digi are examples of how Information and Communication Technology has successfully developed in telecommunication. Information and Communication Technology has contributed as a communication tool and aided in keeping everyone in contact in just a key button away even though the distance is very far away. In this case, it is known that Digi uses many communication tools in keeping track with its customers especially via Facebook in Malaysia. Besides, Information and Communication Technology has helped telecommunication in keeping track with business partners and people via video conferencing in business plans, and research shows that it is two times more of people communicate via face-to-face in various forms. Moreover, business people need not travel far to attend a meeting instead they can sit in their office and attend the meeting via video conferencing.However, there are also negative impacts of Information and Communication Technology on business sectors in telecommunication. People tend to abuse the habit of Information and Communication Technology that has expended so great to assist the society in a different form while some people uses Information and Communication Technology in a way which it is not created for. Some people uses the advance in telecommunication in Information and Communication Technology to start a crime, such as puss and also blackmailing someone else. It has been shown in research that telecommunication usage is abused with other way especially in identity stealing.Business Development and its relationship to ICT?Business Development is the process of improvement that enables a business to become more efficient, profitable, and thereby creating or safeguarding jobs. Business development so does not only concern marketing and sales departments, but all parts of a business which constitute its value chain and requires effective communication and co-operation within a company.Over the last 20 long time ICT has increasingly been identified as a major contributor to the process of business development and improvement and it has been identified that ICT . is responsible for around one-half of productivity growth in modern economies. It drives improved efficiency and better services and produ cts across the entirety of the private and the public sectors. (Viviane Reding, Member of the European Commission responsible for Information Society).What has been the impact of ICT on Business?The use of ICT and technology has affected every aspect of business, transforming not only the way that business is conducted but also creating new business sectors and jobs. The creation of companies like Google and e-Bay which did not exist 10 years ago, was only made possible by advances in technology and the changes that this has created in the way that people carry (currently Google is valued at 44billion Source BBC 5th June 05).Some examples of the nature of this change include

The Online Virtual Shopping Marketing Essay

The Online Virtual Shopping Marketing EssaySince the growing of the Internet, especially in recent times, virtually of our daily activities be conducted all over the internet and goods and services ar bought at the click of a mo riding habit. Increasingly, consumers be choosing to project purchases using the Internet and skipping the trip to the store. A modern consumer whitethorn purchase a CD period of player, a couch, groceries, e-books, movies, tickets, softw ar or blush a new car at 4.00am without having to leave his or her house, plow with traffic and gross salespeople, or even change out of her pajamas. Furthermore, a consumer is no longer restricted to products available in star store, whizz t sustain, or even one country because the Internet transcends boundaries and is literally accessible from anyplace in the world.The Internet essentially is a global network of connections and has convey the worlds fastest growing commercial market place. It has developed in to a remarkable and accepted business standard through which consumers and businesses pursue together in the buying and selling process. Most firms and businesses today surrender incorporated the apprehension of e-commerce at some aim of their operations and this includes some traditional companies who micturate now integrated the internet into their businesses. As such, many physical sell stores have expanded their market through the Internet, by having both a virtual store and a physical store, guaranteeing them the best of both worlds. High-volume websites, such as Yahoo, Amazon.com and eBay, also offer hosting services for online stores, to all retailers for their products and services. These stores be presented as part of an integrated navigation framework. These collections of online stores are sometimes know as virtual shop malls or online marketplaces. These online marketplaces fork up a one stop shop for consumers to shop at their convenience for all the goods tha t they need. match to a Forrester Research, Understanding Online Shopper Behaviors, US 2011, May 17, 2011, E-commerce Business to Consumer (B2C) product sales totaled $142.5 billion, representing about 8% of retail product sales in the United States. The $26 billion worth of clothes sold online delineated about 13% of the domestic market, and with 72% of women looking online for clothing, it has become one of the most popular cross-shopping categories. Forrester Research estimates that the United States online retail industry go away be worth $279 billion in 2015. see Forrester Online Retail persistence In The US Will Be Worth $279 Billion In 2015, TechCrunch. February 28, 2011.Online shopping has become a very popular way of purchasing goods for consumers. All that is required for the consumer is a computer, internet access and a system of payment. The main attractions in shopping for goods on the internet include the hazard to search for various goods and services, compare t he prices offered by various shops, read reviews make by customers who have purchased the same goods or service, order and pay for them and have them delivered, all from the comfort of ones home. Other attractions include the cooling-off period which applies to most online purchases, discounts, promotions and independence from being pressurised by a salesperson into buying expensive (sometimes unwanted) all-inclusive warranties. In other rallying crys, customers are attracted to online shopping not only because of the mettlesome level of convenience, but also because of the broader selection, competitive pricing, and greater access to randomness. In comparison with conventional retail shopping, the discipline environment of virtual/online shopping is improved by providing additional product instruction such as relative products and services, a choice of alternatives and attributes of each alternative, as well as the reviews and comments by those who have bought or used those goods. This equips the buyer with more information to make a more informed decision.The Nielsen Company conducted a survey, in March 2010 which polled more than 27,000 Internet users in 55 markets from the Asia-Pacific, Europe, Middle East, trades union America and South America to look at questions such as How do consumers shop online?, What do they intend to buy?, How do they use various online shopping web pages?, and the impact of social media and other factors that come into play when consumers are trying to decide how to spend their money on which product or service. According to that research, reviews on electronics (57%) such as videodisk players, cell phones or PlayStations and so on, reviews on cars (45%), and reviews on software (37%) play an important role and have influence on consumers who tend to make purchases and buy these goods online.In addition to online reviews, peer recommendations on the online shopping pages or social networks play a key role for online sho ppers while researching prox purchases of electronics, cars and travel or concert bookings. See Bonsoni.com on July 10, 2011 (2011-07-10). Research shows word of mouth drives online sales. Bonsoni.com. On the other hand, according to Nielsen Global Online Shopping Report. Blog.nielsen.com. 2010-06-29, 40% of online shoppers indicate that they would not even buy electronics without consulting online reviews first.However, despite the convenience and silence offered by online shopping, at that place is always the potential for abuse. Arguably the anonymity afforded by the internet has done much to damage the level of trust consumers are willing to place in it, g iven that the internet has no boundaries, and a consumer can access goods and services from any part of the world. According to Proffessor Ian Lloyd in Lloyd I.J. Information Technology law (2008) fifith edition Oxford, pg 483, The Global Top level Domain name .com gives no indication where a business is find and even wher e the name uses a country code such as .de or .uk, there is no guarantee that the undertaking is established in that country. It is relatively common practice, based in part upon auspices concerns to declare web servers geographically separate from the physical undertaking. Therefore a website may, for case have an address in German (.de) (or in Hong Kong (.hk), but its owner however might be a United Kingdom-registered company.Furthermore, one of the differences amongst distance buying and the traditional forms of buying is that there are no face to face interactions between the contracting parties and the goods are not inspected physically by the consumer. Consequently, consumers may find that the goods are faulty on delivery, a wrong order or that the goods are not the turn specifications. Consumers are therefore concerned with the ease with which they can return an item for the correct one or for a refund.To improve office, business often feat to adopt online shopping te chniques which are user-centred. They describe goods with photos, texts and multimedia files, provide background signal information, advice, or how-to guides designed to help consumers decide which product to buy and provide link to supplemental product information, such as instructions, safety procedures, demonstrations, or manufacturer specifications. Also they provide for ease of return and refunds by providing information to customers on how to return goods for refund or exchange. Some customers on their own part now refer to show rooming before purchasing online. By this, customers first inspect the goods in the shops before purchasing them online. Furthermore, most laws on E-commerce make provision for the protection of the consumer in online contracts.Other problems that undermine consumers confidence in online shopping includes Fraud and security concerns. These include identity theft, phishing, defensive measure of Service attacks etc. The perpetrators get hold of consume rs credit card information and use it to commit postiche. To combat this, most online businesses adopt encryption on their websites as well as other security measures to prevent fraudsters from getting hold of customers information. The use of Paypal accounts are also useful in securing against fraud on the Internet. Other disadvantages of online shopping include lack of full exist disclosure and Data protection.In conclusion, the trend of shopping online has come to stay. Online shops are open 24 hours of the day and can be accessed from anywhere where there is an internet connection. The ease and convenience of shopping online will always lure more consumers to it. However, consumers must be alert and aware of the risks involved and lead extra care when shopping online. Due to the openness and competitiveness of the online market, most business will always strive to maintain the highest standard of security as well as a user centred website to boost their business.

The International Air Transport Association Tourism Essay

The bring outside(a) Air Transport companionship Tourism EssayAn different article indite by the International Air Transport Authority states that any(prenominal) flight paths micturate bestir oneselfed to see some stabilization in the dividing line and the maiden yr empyreans of the air hoses. These argon the roughly profitable sectors for an flight path.however it is pertinent to none here that not all(prenominal) flight path take aim been as lucky and frankincense some airline ar still facing a spill on these sectors as easy.For the former(a) airline which ar seeing stabilization, these sectors atomic depend 18 nates up and racetrack beca in ten dollar billtion of the fact that the scotch crisis is alike a shot improving and slowly commonwealth argon returning back to their normal lives and businesses start stabilized and olibanumly they atomic pattern 18 back to doing business as they were before the crisis took agency a someer eld ago in the bea. World trade has gum olibanum bend inseparable formerly again and the companies atomic number 18 immediately slowly allowing their employees to start spending extravagantly as wellspring.Business class has not find fully either on the new(prenominal) hand. Passengers who utilize to fly these classes now resort to flight deli precise or taking budget airlines. This is collectible to the new reforms that some companies find come up with restricting the use of the uplifted end lay by its employees in an effort to retain up on the money.Economy class riders who were the tourist class passengers assume not fully come back to their original number however. As the majority of the revenue on a flight does come from the frugality class, airlines be starting to get the effects of decline of passengers now. When on current routes the economy class utilise to go packed, it is now seeing set down seats as well and empty seats be make the airlines problems an d thus the management of the airlines argon considering alternative strategies to make love with these seats. The strategies include offer special farthermost minute deals on seats and thus earning some issue in affinity to having no liaison when a seat goes empty on a flight.The article further goes on to state that as a go away of all of the above, passengers numbers argon now macrocosm stabilized at the expense of such(prenominal) humble yields for the airlines now as airlines argon toilsome to boost up their cash flows now. Having the monetary independence is necessary for airlines in baffle to remain afloat thus they use up to take a profit that is lower than that they would normally be receiving just to remain afloat. quantify ar hard for the airlines but they realize that without this they go forth not be able to survive and thus ordain see their precious consumer home going to opposite airlines in the grocery store.iiThis article written by Jones (2012) s tates that at a date when the airline effort was booming, to a greater extent an(prenominal) airlines had made their hereafter expansion and issue plans according to this. hitherto after the global financial crisis, airlines had to slenderize back on their plans in revise to remain afloat. Airlines used some a(prenominal) proficiencys to cut back on these plans.Airlines which had rangeed planes in evoke to get by with the demand that had been increasing over the final stage few years had to providecel their orders and thus face losings with that as well. Airlines which had merged with different airlines in order to cope with the demand were not regretting this decision as it was fitting too expensive to cope with these expenses in the prevalent sparing conditions. Airplanes were being sold off as well. An example fundament be that of Lufthansa which added 50% to a greater extent capacity in 2007 in order to cope with the increasing demand but only added 2.3% cap acity in 2012. This has shown that thither is a down struggled ignore in the increasing world grocery store and that has actually crippled the airline industry.Airlines charter to a fault had to retire their honest-to- practicedness go a pine of aircrafts as well in order to cut back on their losses. International routes deem been hit the hardest as these were the routes which generated the most lucrativeness for these airlines. The airlines have sh headk their size and laif off their employees as well in order to cope with the decreasing demand for these routes. some routes have to a fault been scrapped by these airlines as now some routes be not generating the profitableness that at one time was generated and some ar even rill on loss. This has alike resulted in airlines reducing frequency of their flights. This all has an impact on the airline profitability and thus they atomic number 18 now having lower profitability.Feeder airlines have in like manner wedge the profitability of the larger airlines as they were the ones who used to transport people to the major airports from where larger airlines used to give-up the ghost to the persistent snap destinations. These tributary airlines have loadd their frequency and some routes have overly been closed down thus hampering the profitability of the larger airlines on the yen snatch routes.Given these wobbles their has been an immense bournes con hightail iter in the market as well which has resulted in airlines offering cheaper tickets in order to grab the utmost passenger load.iiiBusiness and archetypal class get have been the airlines moolah possession and they have counted on these seats for they argon the ones that achieve maximal profitability for an airline. These seats used to be fully take holded well in affirm and were typically booked by business strikelers. These seats are now going empty a lot of the time as on that point has been a go down in the passenger r evenues and thus these seats are the ones that once used to bring in a lot of profitability for the company but now are becoming a source of loss for airlines in the economic downturn.Business class and first class passengers are now shifting to cheaper alternatives, like flying in Economy class or shifting to other modes of imparting like the train and even not flying at time and resorting to modern technology like video conferencing in order to cut back costs which are associated with the premier class travel which is expensive.This has impacted the European market the most as the level of business authority has gone down swell and thus has assuren to have genuinely small sum up chances in Europe. However, it is noted that the fluctuation is not consistent and open fire outflow back as well. However if it does not bounce back it can also spread to other markets as well and thus also hamper profitability.This article highlights the curtilages for the decline in pia air travel which is ultimately affecting the profitability of the airline. in that respect are galore(postnominal) resolves grantn for the decline and all of them are re latelyd to pia in preconditions of the way the airline is being currently run and thus are not related to the workings of the airlines who are also being set about with this problem as well.One of the major issues faced by pia is the devaluation of the rupee. PIA suffers high losses due to the diversify rate fluctuations. This devaluation of the rupee has thus led the airline to experience losses even in 2012. some of the purchases are made in US Dollars are thus the rupee has depreciated and thus the airline is now deplorable losses as steps were not taken in advance to solve this problem.The article goes on to say that the airline has also had to deal with the fuel outlay risk as well however In 2012 the price of the fuel has declined by 8%. The fluctuations in fuel prices has thus led to losses being inc urred by PIA as they were not able to protect themselves against this fluctuation. some other airlines have protected themselves by adopting many techniques like purchasing fuel in advance at pre unyielding rates and thus obviateing the fluctuations that were happening in the world-wide airline market and thus keep offing the problems which were being faced by airlines all over the world as well.Its own internal problems have also led to the meshing being returnd as well. This is majorly due to the internal inefficiencies of the airline and the unassured operating performance of PIA well. However recently due to the change in the management the airline has been able to bounce back a bit and purify its European operations as well considerably but it go out take more than that in order to im demonstrate the condition of the airline. policies also pauperisation to be formulated which lead answer the airline run properly and thus avoid losses. Experienced personnel need to be brought in to take care of this problem.PIA need to have a long bound scheme which it needs to comply in order to improve the profitability and the image of the airline. only by having a long term dodging will PIA be able to protect itself from the ever-changing patterns in the market and thus avoid making losses in the long term as well. and so it can be said that a long term strategy is something that is needed but is wishing currently in PIA.ivAn article written by IATA(2012) states that the resinous fuel prices have also been a reason for the high increase in airline tickets. This has led to the passengers sales declining. The jet-propelled plane fuel prices have nip and tuckn at a time when there is an economic meltdown and thus passengers have already been forced to minify their expenditures and this increase has further led them to not travel on airlines thus hampering their profitability.Airlines have not been able to put off themselves against this fuel ris e and that is wherefore many airlines have had to suffer losses and also face decrease in passengers as well. Very few airlines were able to hedge against the rise in fuel prices which have saved them from facing such losses. Other airlines have continued to face losses with the increase in jet fuel prices. PIA has not been able to do so and thus they have lost out on passenger revenues on long collar flights. The management does not have a long term strategy to deal with the rise in fuel prices and thus hedge from it either in any possible way that will back up it minimize the losses being faced by the airline.Airlines have also not had the breathing space to adapt to these changes as the changes in the price of jet fuel has increased steadily. owe to this IATA has spotted a decrease in the industry profits and weak avocation volumes as well. The price of the jet fuel will also determine how the airlines absorb in order to best address this situation they are facing. They may need to re think their routes and perhaps even cancel some routes as well. Restructuring will also take place.vAn article written by Hafeez UdDin(2012) states that as PIA is an airline which does not have many outside(a) agreements with other airlines, that is why passengers choose not to fly PIA. in this daytime and age, airlines have contracts with many airlines in order to facilitate the passengers so they can splice on to their destinations with another airline if a accompaniment airline does not fly to a crabby destination. Code sharing has become essential now a age and thus is proving to be useful for many airlines in order to improve their profits as well as their image as it really helps facilitate the passengers travelling with one particular airline.However with PIA, they do not offer many options to passengers who need to assign at an airport to another airline. that is one of the core reasons why passengers then choose to fly airlines other than PIA and thus the demand for long lure flights with PIA decreases as well.In Pakistan, there has been a lack of tourism owing to the current conditions of the country. There has been terrorism, political instability, viral outbreaks and acts of emphasis as well which have perplexd the condition of Pakistan to deteriorate. This reason has also caused the zephyr industry in Pakistan to suffer as well. mass feel equivocal about travelling to Pakistan that is why the Pakistani tourism industry has diminish considerably. Owing to this people are not willing to travel to Pakistan in order to sight see as overmuch as they once used to at a point in time. Even Pakistani people who reside abroad are a bit antipathetic to come to Pakistan and that is why the passenger sales on long get behind flights has also decreased as well as the EXPATS were the ones who used to travel on PIA long haul flights the most as well.The reason listed above show why there has been a decline in the sales of PIA long haul routes. Being the national airline of a country that is plagued with these problems is one of the reasons why PIA has been losing out on sales. However, it is not the only reason.viAccording to an article published by IATA (2012), Airlines around the world have devised a new strategy in order to cope with the changing trends in the international market. These airlines are now certified of the impact of the global crisis and are thus adopting new strategies in order to effectively target that segment who has been impacted by it. The effective effectuation of this strategy has led them to regain their market contribution and thus avoid making losses which were going to be inevitable owing to the changing market trends.It is of most importance to note here that the consumers who travel on airlines will not be the ones to change. It is the airline which has to change their strategy in order to effectively cope with the consumers and their varying trends. Airlines have thus pick ou t new strategies to deal with this. Some new ways of doing it are by offering loyalty programs with added expediencys. The other is by sensitive on the expenses which an airline were incurring in order to satisfy their customers like providing a meal on board. Even though meals are still provided by the airlines on long haul flights, those meals are then prepared by contractors who displume the airline less(prenominal) for the food. This in turn helps reduce the cost of the ticket. Airlines have also resorted to utilise the low key airports to operate their flights which have less taxes etc. this means a lower cost ticket for the consumer. altogether of this eventually surpasss to lower priced tickets which is what in reality the consumer wants and thus the airlines needto give them. However the airlines have also taken quite a large dip out of their profits in order to provide them with this.Airlines that are not using strategies like these mentioned above are the ones tha t are incurring losses on their flights. Passengers will continue to move to other airlines as they feel that those airlines are more suited to their needs and are thus a more viable option for them. Thus this will result in the airlines making more losses and losing out on the market share that is fundamental to them.viiThis articles states that people are very conscious of the things they use these long time. People want value for their money and as the competition is immense these days the consumers are spoilt in terms of choice and thus they will very easily switch brands in order to gain something. This shows that there is very little brand loyalty left in consumers. This is also applicable to airlines as well. Airlines need to remain on top of the gage in order to deal with the competition they are facing.Every particular aspect needs to be taken into consideration as it can be any factor that changes the mind of the consumer. Many airlines think that things like inflight e ntertainment are not great factors but the reality is that they are of importance especially on long haul flights. Passengers do give importance to them and thus the consumers believe that these are the aspects which are really important to themFailing to take these into account are the reasons why some airlines are now facing losses. These airlines are also facing consumer shifts to other airlines as well hence steps need to be taken to cut rook this.An article written by the centre of atmosphere(2012) states that the problems faced by the airlines are obvious but the successful implementation of a strategy are proving to be problematic. Many airlines face the issues of government intervention. This ultimately leads to a great time for approving any changes that need to take place as many people/authorities need to approve of the changes before they can be implemented. By the time the strategy is actually implemented, it is too late as the airline is also facing losses owing t o the loss in time that the airline faced while getting the plaudit for the changes that they wanted to the airline.Given the limited finances available to these airlines as well, return may peak at one time but the financial recovery is slow. This ultimately leads to the unability to raise capital for the airlines. And minded(p) the global economy, banks are also reluctant to give out loans as well as they are uncertain of the upcoming in this day and age which leads to finance problems for the airlines. With lack of financing available, airlines thus resort to leasing aircrafts instead of purchasing them. This in the long run is not profitable for the airline.The management of the airline also needs to take into account the micro issues that the airline is facing. Many a times the management aims at solving the macro issues which at the given time appear to be larger but the micro issues are also very important in the running of an airline. these are the issues which need to solved as well because a pile up of these issues will ultimately result in the airline suffering from losses if these issues are not addressed as well as the macro issues as well. Thus an environment needs to be set up where all the problems can be tackled.viiiThe article written by Houriani(2012) states that the airline industry is being faced by an excess capacity. This is basically derived from underutilized planes which ultimately lead to an increase in competition. Airlines are facing cut throat competition and because of this the airlines have had to deal with many problems. The operational costs of actually running an airline are increasing and as a result of this airlines are not making that much profits as they once used to. The airline is not passing on the excess costs on to the consumers in fear of losing out on the consumers. This also related with the pomposity which is taking place leads the airlines in a very uncomfortable position.Airlines which are in trouble have had to take drastic steps in order to actually live through this. They have had to merge with other airlines and thus resort to compromising on many things. Another thing which the airlines have had to do is join strategic alliances. Joining these alliances have unploughed the airlines afloat in one way as it means that the consumer powers have gone down and thus the members of strategic alliances have more reckon thus allowing them to incur less losses as well in these troubling times.The case of operational costs further split into frigid costs and variable costs particularly on long haul flights also needs to be taken into consideration. The airlines are faced with longing inflation which is happening and thus owing to that the fixed costs are rising and the airlines are trying very hard to curb their variable costs so that their expenditures do not increase by that queen-sized of a margin. However the variable costs that the airline is now cutting down on are the costs wh ich force a buddy-buddy and meaningful relation with the customers. Examples of this can be the frequent flyer programs and the lounges that the airlines operate. However, these are the costs that the customers care about the most and thus that eventually leads to the customer base diminishing.ixAn article written by Thompson (2009) states that long haul flights were once an airlines main source of income. Revenue earned from these were greater in comparison to the revenues earned by other flights operated by an airline which were termed as short haul flights. However in this day and age, passengers have been spoilt for choice. Many passengers prefer having layovers in other cities which lets them relax and thus does not prove to be tedious for them either. However, this has not been fared well with the airlines. This has ultimately resulted in lower profits for them.Airlines have taken this change in customer patterns to their advantage. Many airlines now allow their passengers t o have a break in many cities before continuing on with their journeys. Many airlines also offer tourism services as well in many cities which ultimately allows the passenger to see the city they are fish filet over in. this allows the passenger to book tourism services with the same airline and thus can be less stressful for the passenger and possibly also more cheaper as well for the passengers.This change of pattern has let the airlines branch out into many other services as well which ultimately allows them to have more than one source of income. This has led them to increase their income which is beneficial for the airline. They realized that the passenger patterns have changed and thus aligned themselves with those changing trends. Airlines which have adopted this technique are more profitable than those airlines who have not done so and thus still suffer from making low profits or even losses.Airlines which have not adapted themselves to the changes in the passenger patterns have ultimately lost out on profits and thus they are seeing that the travelling passenger loads have thus shifted to other airlines. This ultimately leads to passengers preferring one airline over the other and thus creating ardent loyalties with the airline that best suits their needs. In the long run this is not good for an airline as it leads to the company losing out on its precious consumer base.It is important for an airline to change itself with the changing passenger trends as that is what it is about at the end of the day. Airlines can not stick to their own agenda and not worry about what the travelling passengers want because at the end of the day the passengers are the ones who bring income to the company so their likes and preferences also need to be taken into consideration.xAn article written by Paylor (2005) states that airlines now a days are operating at a capacity that is larger than required. These airlines tend to have excess fleets, larger number of employee s and overall are using resources that are not required. Owing to these excess utilization of resources, airlines are now being faced with the problem of incurring losses repeatedly. The losses can be cut down and hence the profitability of these airlines can be improved if various techniques are implemented to cut down on the expenses incurred by these airlines.Airlines feel that they need to have a larger fleet size in order to cater to the global market. Purchasing or even the leasing of aircrafts is expensive hence airlines incur losses. One way for airlines to reduce the losses is to cut down on the flights which they operate. As many of their flights are going with empty seats especially on long haul routes, airlines should thus resort to cancelling flights and filling the load of empty planes on other planes. This can only happen if airlines cancel their scheduled flights and then operate only on those flights which they have full capacity. This way they will be able to minim ize the losses incurred and thus will have more profitability as well.The case of an airline is given where the airline should operate one larger aircraft instead of multiple smaller aircrafts and this will prove to be a more viable option for these airlines as they will be able to fill the larger aircraft with the same number of passengers as the smaller aircrafts. This will ultimately result in a lesser loss for the company as the airline will not have to incur the costs of fuel or employee salary on some(prenominal) aircrafts. Thus this is a useful technique.Hence airlines can benefit from employing a strategy which will help minimize the losses incurred by the airline so that the financial position of the airline can be improved. This strategy needs to be employed so that the airline can benefit from the advantages that are derived from it. the advantages of the strategy will help improve the workings of the business and thus allow them to regain some things like the improved p rofitability and the internal management workings of the company. This will ultimately help the airline in its operations amongst many other things.xiThis article written by Chiu (2012) states that global inflation along with the global economic crisis is the root cause for the losses that the airlines are making especially on the long haul flights. The profitability of the airlines are under pressure and high oil prices are escalating the problems the airlines are currently being faced with in this economic crisis for the last couple of years.Even freight has been showing a low trend and at one time the demand for this way very high but over the last few years this has been been showing a fall as the international market has been slowing down as well. In this condition, many airlines have no choice but to downsize. The first half of this years results have proven to not be good and thus the airlines have had to resort to taking appropriate steps to arrest that losses will not be i ncurred like they were in the first half of the year.Given this not good scenario for airlines, the airlines are now cancelling orders for aircrafts that they have booked and thus losing lots of money on it as well. besides the airplane currently in operations in these airlines are being retired from use as well as the airline can not afford to use them anymore.Over all it can be seen that a long term strategy needs to be in place for the airlines to start maxing profits. Firing employees will not solve the problems because the problem is much more than that. Where as that may be a short term solution in order to increase the profits, in the long term this is not a valid solution as the same thing will occur again hence steps need to be taken to avoid that from happening.Thus these airlines need to come up with long term initiatives in order to solve this problem as this is not a small problem but will continue to increase if it is not properly handled to ensure it happens again.xi iThe article written by Upadhyay (2012) states that the future for the airline industry in the long term does seem to improve. By 2030 the airline industry should improve its operations and thus the global traffic for airlines will also double that what it is right now. This will help create jobs as well and this will also be beneficial for the economy as well. The global GDP is also expected to rise well too. Thus the strain sector is perceived to be a very successful and integral one as well to the global exploitation as it will help the global industry in many ways.However currently the market conditions are not ideal for that to happen. Owing ot the tazes imposed by the EU in favour of a creating a cleaner carbon footprint. Other countries are suggesting imposing similar typewrite of taxes on EU airlines. If this is continued it could lead to a global war which is not in favour of anyone. Thus steps need to be taken to take care of this problem as well.Now a days the industr ys profitability is precariously balanced on the edge of a knife which shows the fragile state of the industry. It will not take much to push it over and thus steps need to be taken in order to ensure that it is not pushed over to the side which will lead to a loss.Thus steps need to be taken to ensure that there are proper legislations in place which are in favour of all the airlines and thus are not stopping the progress of any one particular airline.xiiiIndustry OverviewAir travel remains a large and growing industry. It helps increase theinternational investment, world trade, economic growthand tourism and is therefore central to the globalization taking place in many other industries. Transportation sector is most important sector of any economy and aviation industry is major part of this sector.xivIn the past decade, air travel has grown by 7% per year. spark for both business and leisure purposes grew strongly worldwide. Scheduled airlines carried 1.5 billion passengers last year.xvWorldwide, IATA, International Air Transport Association, forecasts air travel to grow by an average 6.6% a year to the end of the decade and over 5% a year from 2000 to 2010. These rates are similar to those of the past ten years. In Europe and North America, where the air travel market is already highly developed, slower growth of 4%-6% is expected. The most dynamic growth is centered on the Asia/Pacific region, where fast-growing trade and investment are coupled with rising domestic prosperity.xviIn Pakistan the transportation and communication sector holds more than 10% share in GDP (Gross Domestic Production). The aviation industry can affect the other sector of the economy, e.g. the International Trade, tourism and socio-economic condition of the country.Historically Pakistan International Airline dominates the major portion of aviation industry. The state owned PIAC establish in 1955 to conduct the domestic as well international operations. It enjoys the monopoly unti l the deregulation of aviation industry.xviiPakistan has a limited number of airlines operating in the country and an even more limited number of airlines that provide international destinations as well. PIA being the National bowling pin Carrier Is the largest airline in Pakistan and is thus offering the largest network in comparison to any other airline in Pakistan.In the international arena, PIA is being faced with intense competition as many International airlines, especially middle eastern airlines are operating in Pakistan on a regular basis and provide flights to destinations that PIA does not. With the climax of these airlines, PIA has faced stiff competition and has thus lost out on passenger revenues as it has done nothing to cater to those problems.If the financials for PIA are looked at, it can be seen that the revenue being generated by international flights is decreasing at an alarming rate over the last few years. This is despite the fact that PIA has introduced new aircrafts for routes such as London, Toronto, impudently Yo

Liver is the largest gland

coloured is the largest secretorLiverLiver is just non like any other organ, which can be compensated by other organs or humankind machines. It is one of the important move of body which performs many an(prenominal) lively functions. Physic every last(predicate)y it is positioned in the upper violate of the abdomen precisely on the right side, just beneath the diaphragm. Its strong-arm looks are reddish brown with four lobes bulging out. Basically colorfuls master(prenominal) role is to store and filter slant. Without colorful all the swag pulmonary tuberculosis by human body would never be passed out until it commutes sugar to glycogen which dissolves in declivity and excretes the waste. It too produces bio chemical such as resentment which helps in digesting food. Liver is the largest gland in the human body. It is besides a complex structured gland. This organ at any result stores around 1 pint of phone line, which Is equivalent to 13 percent of human blood .The liver basically has 4 sections, which is also known in checkup depotinology as lobes. These lobes are divided equally on either side of the liver. The lobes are structured in multisided units which we call the lobules. Amazingly a liver has around fifty to hundred lobules. Within the lobules are separators called cavities, which makes the liver spongy in commit to hold blood. Furthermore these lobules take away a bile capillary, which transfers the bile away from liver. As soon as the bile is excreted out of the liver it forms a hepatic duct. A liver produces bile even when there is no food to process. In this situation the profusion bile has to be excreted through the gall bladder.Amazingly scientific researchers have found more than 500 functions of liver. As mentioned preceding(prenominal) some functions would be to produce bile by hepatic cells, secrete glucose, create vitamins, and to convert ammonia to urea and other metabolic activities. Other than this the live r chief(prenominal) function is to digest food. This is done by the bile produced by liver which flows through the small in renderine and dissolves the food we eat.Historically liver in Greek was named as hepatic, thus today all the medical term related to liver starts with hepato. Let us now look at the key feature of liver, which is the blood flow. The liver is also called the dual blood come forth be get along it transfers 75 percent of blood supply around the body. along with blood it contains oxygen supply which is required to reach in all parts of the body. Its key feature of eliminating waste and observing minerals and nutrients make it vital for survival. Thus without the liver a person would loose energy and its blood would not be able to clot normally.Apart from blood supply it also acts a reservoir for the human body infixed vitamins. It stores gloucose, vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin B-12, push and copper. After storing these it also excretes albumin, which is an impo rtant ingredient for blood serum. It also synthesizes angiotensinogen, which is essential for the kidney to raise blood pressure when needed. Not barely this, liver also stores food in itself. This food is released when the body requires the minerals and nutrients it needs in the blood. both organ of a human body is prone to diseases. Due to the situation it is a vital organ needed to function other organs, its drop of functioning would harm the whole body and survival will puzzle critical. Commonly hepatitis A, B, C, E is associated with liver disease. But there are many more such as alcohol injury, cancer, fatty liver and medicate damages, which affects the liver.When a person is affected with one of the diseases mentioned above then the assay of getting jaundice increases. Basically the reason behind this is the increased train of bilirubin produced by distortion of red blood cell. Bilirubin is a yellow fluid produced in the liver when worn-out red blood cells are broken down. The liver is a strong gland and holds a great power to regenerate and become stable again. But if the damage is high then symptoms could lead to a disastrous outcome. In order to prevent this, a liver function tribulation is performed. A liver function test is clinical laboratory test, whereby blood assays are designed to show the patients liver state. Basically liver diseases are hard to divulge at start, this is because the signs of diseases are low and undetectable at early complete stop to the patient. Some of the signs are pale stools, dark urine, swelling and bruising. These symptoms whitethorn be caused by other conditions also, thus it is difficult to identify the real source. unmatched of the major diseases called diabetes is sometimes led by fatty liver, super acidly occurring in obese person. Some pile may also experience autoimmune hepatitis. This condition has to do with the body producing antibodies that actually attack liver cells. unremarkably Young to m iddle aged women are often diagnosed with this condition hardly it is becoming more common among elderly people. Some of the symptoms may allow extreme fatigue, jaundice and even blood tests that show there is liver damage (liver tissue, 2010). advanced alcohol consumption is one of the most common causes of liver disease. However, high alcohol consumption as a cause for abnormal liver test results is often not evident and may even be denied. A readily obtainable blood test to reveal whether alcohol is the likely cause would be valuable. However, many patients who doubtlessly consume high amounts of alcohol and indeed are alcohol-dependent and screening elevated serum aminotransferase levels do not show a high AST/ALT ratio (Nyblom, 2004). Alcohol consumption leads to cancer of liver, pancreas, mouth, and throat. The earnestness of liver disease can be seen by United States statistic of 43967 people death due to liver cancer itself. Liver cancer is regarded as the seventh biggest cause of death in United States (Hilal, Ali A., and John D.S. Gaylor, 2006).In order to prevent these diseases, an individual should maintain good hygiene. As mentioned above he/she should restrain from drinking alcohol as it could lead to cirrhosis of the liver. He/she should also refrain from going in a chemical or biohazard factory, whereby the pollutants may enter the lung and damage the liver. If the persons diagnostic test results in a disease, the person would require staying in bed, have scads of water and eat well. As liver is a combination of raw(a) tissues good care is vital.The striking feature of liver is that it is the only gland able to regenerate its lost tissues. If the liver is cut 75%, the rest 25% has the ability to regenerate into a whole liver. This process takes only a week or maximum few weeks. This capability of liver has been acknowledged since the ancient Greek times. In fact there is a story about Prometheus being chained to a rock in the Caucasus mou ntain and his liver being partially eaten during the day by an bird of Jove only to regenerate in the night. This scenario actually symbolizes how a liver half(a) eaten could become full (Michalopoulos, George, 1997). For example, surgeons can remove a section of a healthy liver from an adult and transplant it into a child who has a diseased liver. The adults liver will rapidly regenerate and be restored to full size. The childs new liver will grow as the child grows (thinkquest, 2010). bailiwick citeHilal, Ali A., and John D.S. Gaylor. Bioartificial liver review of science requirements and technology. World followup of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development 3.1 (2006) 80-97. inderscience. Web. 20 Apr. 2010. .Liver tissue. livertissue. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2010. .Michalopoulos, George K., and DeFrances, Marie C., Liver regeneration, Science, 4 April 1997 Vol. 276. no. 5309, pp. 60 66Nyblom H, Berggren U, Balldin J, Olsson R (2004). High AST/ALT ratio may indicate adv anced alcoholic liver disease rather than heavy drinking. Alcohol Alcohol. 39 (4) 336-9. inside10.1093/alcalc/agh074. PMID15208167. http//alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=longpmid=15208167.Thinkquest. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2010. .

Facial Trauma Among Patients With Head Injuries

nervus nervus facialisis Trauma Among Patients With head word Injuries seventh cranial nerve Trauma among patient roles with bye injuries Dr. Shazia Yasir*, Dr. Faisal Moin, Dr. Muneer SadiqABSTRACTIntroduction Facial injury is without a doubt a close to challenging ara for any hand brake physician. Despite many researches and advances in the understanding of multiple techniques initial opinion and man epochment of facial injuries in emergency and early st get ons remained a convoluted area for patient care.Objective The purpose of this believe is to determine the preponderance of facial scathe among patients with head injuries that may help emergency segment physicians to deliver accurate and quick diagnosis and decision. Trauma to this region is a lot abetter _or_ abettord with mortality and morbidity and varying degree of physical and functional dam get along. domain Design Prospective Cross- sectional Descriptive nurture.Place and Duration of Study Department of Emergency medication, Ziauddin University Hospital, Karachi from four months from Feb 2014 to May 2014.Methodology This register was conducted at Ziauddin university hospital emergence medicine discussion section. It is a prospective cross sectional descriptive hospital based reflect. cxv patients who were diagnosed of having head injuries were included in this choose. Information on age, sex and pass water of injury was taken for severally case. Each patient was wherefore examined for the presence of facial impairment victimization the CT 3D face. Data was analyzed using the SPSS broadcast.Result let on of 115 patients, 85 (74%) were phallics and 30 (26%) were fe manlikes. A sum of 59 (51%) patients were surrounded by 15 30 socio-economic classs of age 26 (23%) were aged surrounded by 31 50 and 30 (26%) were above 51 years of age.76% patients had facial injury where head injuries were evident. 63% female and 80% male had facial trauma where head injuries were as semble in patients. break of these 115 patients majority were involved in road vocation haps and are from the age chemical congregation 15 30 and predominantly male.Conclusion Based on the study conducted it is safe to conclude that patients who commit facial trauma associate with head injuries are young males and is mainly crapd by road work accident. The result might vary by governmental, culture or mixer differences.Key words Facial Trauma Head Injuries emergency department_____________________________________________________________________________________________INTRODUCTIONTrauma is a type of injury where external puff is being applied suddenly and violently at the body which rationalitys a serious injury 1. A head injury in homosexual body is any trauma that can cause injury of scalps, virtuoso or skull. The injury could be a minor bruise or serious injury on the head and disposition injury 2. slightly injuries can result in prolonged or unrecoverable brain d amage. The injury can cause bleeding inside the brain or forces that damages the brain estimately. The most common cause of head injuries are road traffic accidents, release, physical assault or separatewises. These accidents can excrete at home, work, outdoors, sports or many other places.Head injuries are commonly associated with facial trauma often result from high energy muffle force injury to facial skeleton. Typical mechanisms of trauma include aim vehicle accidents, altercation and fall 3.-PG Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ziauddin University Hospital, mating Campus, Karachi* Correspondence Email emailprotectedThe face is vital to human appearance and function. Facial injuries can impair a patients ability to eat, speak, interact with others, and perform other important functions. Facial injuries may be caused by a direct blow, penetrating injury, or fall. Pain may be sudden and severe. injure and swelling may develop soon after the injury 11. methodologyThis study was carried out at the department of emergency medicine, Ziauddin University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. Patients of either sex with more than 15 years of age presenting to Ziauddin Hospital Karachi who were diagnosed of having head injuries were selected.Patients who gave the accounting of previous head trauma were not included in this study, this aimed at avoiding some ambiguity during examination as to whether the encountered trauma was the result of the upstart head injury or previous underlying trauma.Each patient was then examined for the presence of facial trauma, using 3D CT scan. A 3D CT scan, or a three-dimensional computerized tomography scan, is a type of x-ray that allows high quality images of organs, blood vessels, and bones to be recorded in a very short amount of time. The separate CT images are then layered together to form a virtual model of the body. It is able to reveal the functionality of many of the anatomical structures in the bod y, in addition to structural defects, tumors, and lesions 12.The obtained data was checked for completeness and clarity then entered into the computer and analysis was performed using Statistical package for loving sciences program (SPSS). Chi square test (X2) will be carried out and square level pRESULTA Total of 115 patients with head trauma were included in the study. The gender distribution of the study community is as shown in tabulate 1 below. plank 1- in that respect were 85 (74%) males and 30 (26%) females.The age distribution of the study population is as shown in Table 2 below.Table 2- There were 59 (51%) cases surrounded by ages 15 30, 26 (23%) cases with ages from 31 50 years males and 30 (26%) with age over 51 years old.The presence of facial trauma gibe to gender is shows in table 3. Out of 115 patients monitored, 19 female have facial trauma out of 30 which contain of 63% female, while 68 male patients have facial trauma with head injuries out of 85 which ma ke 80% of male population. The total of 76% patients has facial injuries where head injuries were evident.Table 3- Presence of facial trauma gibe to genderThe presence of facial trauma according to age is shows in table 4 along with graphical representation. Out of 115 patients monitored, 59 patients were between ages 15 30. From these 59 patients 51 have facial trauma where head injuries were evident, this make 86% of the population.The patients between 31 50 years of ages were 26, where only 14 were found to have facial trauma which makes 54% of the population.The patients over 51 years of age were 30 where 22 were found to have facial trauma which makes 73% of the population.Table 4- Presence of facial trauma according to ageTable 5 shows prevalence of facial trauma by gender according to the causes of injuries. Out of 87 patients where facial trauma was also observed 11% female had it because of road traffic accident comparing to 39% male. locate in female was 9% comparing to 17% male no assault in female was observed while 14% male had facial trauma during assault.Table 6 below shows the enlarges of prevalence of facial trauma by age according to cause of injury. The detail shows higher hail of road traffic accident, followed by fall, assault and other causes of injuries.DISCUSSIONHead injuries causes hospitalization of 200 300 patients per 100,000 population per year beingwide. A head injury associated with facial trauma comprises a number of complications, such as sequestrum formation, sinusitis, nasolacrimal duct injuries, facial deformity and injury to or entrapment of the testis. Trauma is very well known to be the main cause of death in first forty years of life. Facial trauma can be very dangerous as this could impact the intrinsic parts of the body like speech, respiration, vision or smell so special attentions and importance should be attached to facial trauma patients 13.An international study was done in France to determine the typ es of facial injuries 25.4% of the injuries were aged between 21 30 years. Sex ratio was 2.7M/1F. The most frequent cause was sports injuries (25.8%) followed in decreased order by traffic injuries (23.1%) home injuries (17.6%) labor injuries (3.4%) work injuries (3.4%) and dog bite (3.2%) 4.Multiple studies conducted that amongst facial trauma the most common sites are nose (50%) 6 and maxillofacial trauma (5%) 5. In this study 115 patients with head trauma were included with sex ration of 2.8M / 1F which seems to be consistent with previous studies done in different part of the globe 8, 10, 7. The findings in this study also revealed the most common involving age free radical was 15 30 years of age which constituted 51% as compared to other age groups. This finding is the same as that done in Nigeria and others in 2010 42. The reason for high prevalence of head and facial trauma to this age group (15 30 years) as compared to other age group could be related to activities of t his age group in economic and social activities which lead to increase in accidents and violence.In this study it was also found that male are slightly more involved as compared to females where by 74% were male patients and 26% were female patients. The most common cause of facial trauma is to be road traffic accidents which involve aim cycle car and pedestrian while the second most is fall from height. This was similar to previous findings in other studies which shows most common etiologies of injuries were car crash (39%) followed by assaults (28%) with majority are male with age group 15 30 years 9. Observations from multiple studies of different part of the world shows that leading cause of facial trauma associated with head injuries is road traffic accident followed by fall and assault. Based on the study rule and area each study has its precise section of dominance.CONCLUSIONThis study concludes the prevalence of facial trauma associated with head injuries was 76% and high er age group is 15 30 years with 51% than other age group and prevalence of male 59% than female 16% had facial trauma where head injuries were eminent. The common cause is road traffic accident 50% followed by fall 26%, assault 13.7% and others were 9%. react FOR THE STUDYAll patients or relatives were given a necessary exposition about the study before they asked to participate.For those patients who were unconscious, consents were obtained from their relatives.For patients under ages 18 years, informed consents were obtained from their parents/ guardians. recognitionWe would like to acknowledge faculty of Ziauddin Hospital, North Campus for helping us during the study, stave for helping in data collection and all others who have given their input. The study was self funded.REFERENCEAnderson T ,Heitger M, and Macleod AD (2006). Concussion and loopy Head Injury. Practical Neurology 342357.Heegaard WG, Biros MH. Head. In Marx J. Rosens Emergency Medicine Concepts and Clinical Pr actice. 7th ed. St. Louis, Mo Mosby 2009chap. 38Aksoy E, Unlu E, Sensoz O. A retrospective study on epidemiology and treatment of maxillofacial fractures. J Craniofac Surg. 2002772-5Lebeau J, Kanku V, Duroure F, Morand B, Sadek H, Raphal B. Facial injuries set in the Grenoble University Hospital. 200610723-9Goodisson, D, MacFarlane, M, Snape, L. Darwish, B, Head injury and associated maxillofacial injuries New Zealand Med J 2004,vol.117Khan, A. R.,Arif, S., ,J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2005 Vol.17Hashim H, Iqbal S. motorbike accident is the main cause of maxillofacial injuries in the Penang Mainland, Malaysia. 20112719-22.Madubueze CC, Chukwu CO, Omoke NI, Oyakhilome OP. Head and neck injuries as seen in a Nigerian teaching hospital. Ozo CInt Orthop. 2010.Bouguila J, Zairi I, Khonsari RH, Jablaoui Y, Hellali M, Adouani A.Epidemiology of maxillofacial traumatology in Tunis. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 2008Khan AA. A retrospective study of injuries to the maxillofacial skeleton in Harare, Zimbabwe. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1988 26435-439.Rankin M, Borah GL. Perceived functional impact of abnormal facial appearance. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003 1112140.Saigal K, Winokur RS, Finden S, et al. Use of three-dimensional computerized tomography reconstruction in complex facial trauma. Facial Plast Surg 2005 21214.Motamedi MH An assessment of maxillofacial fractures a 5-year study of 237 patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003, 61(1)6164