Wednesday, January 29, 2020
The short stories involving Sherlock Holmes Essay Example for Free
The short stories involving Sherlock Holmes Essay The short stories involving Sherlock Holmes manage to successfully combine many of the classic ingredients of the detective genre. With reference to the FIVE stories which you have studied, prove this to be the case. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was a man of great intelligence who was brought up to love books. Influenced by his fathers criminal work, Doyle produced his first Holmes story in 1887. Sherlock Holmes was created by the amazing imagination of Doyle, with his sidekick, Watson. The great detective stories were very intriguing. Doyle planned to end the series in 1893 but due to great public demand, resurrected his popular hero in 1903. The character of Sherlock brought hope to the Victorians as they disliked the police force. Crime rates were high and many of the police force were corrupt themselves. In 1892, at 221B Baker Street, Sherlock Holmes arrived and graced London with a hope of crime solving. Jack the Ripper was still walking the streets, killing women, leaving clues but yet the police were unable to catch him. The mysteries of Sherlock Holmes, written by Arthur Conan Doyle, provided the people of London with a hope that one day Jack the Ripper may be captured and brought to justice. The role of women in the Victorian Age was very simple and limited. We have an example of a stereotypical Victorian woman in The Speckled Band. Helen Stoner had a face drawn and grey and her expression was wear and haggard. She was a little lady, with not much spirit about her, who wanted the best in life. Her position is society was very low compared to others among her. In a month or two I shall be married, with the control of my own income. Her stepfather had kept possession of all her money and was giving it to her when she got married. A Victorian would have been expected to do the chores and so on and Helen Stoner tells us For a while we did the jobs. The role of women was not exclusively stereotypical i. e. Irene Alder, who is known only as the woman to Sherlock himself. Of course, Holmes was renowned for his cold, precise but admirably balanced mind, so the statement that In his eyes she eclipses and predominates the whole of sex is somewhat unusual. Jack the Ripper was a deadly man that lived in the Victorian Age and this is a typical example of the crime that was being committed during that Age. Throughout the books, Doyle uses stereotypical heroes and villains. One good example of a villain is in The speckled Band. We are told of a tall dark man that wore a black top hat, a long frock coat, and a pair of high gaiters, with a hunting crop swinging in his hand. Not only can you picture a villain straight away from the clothes, his large face, seared with a thousand wrinkles, burned yellow with the sun, and marked with every evil passion, his physical appearance was somewhat scary. The role of the police in the Victorian age, was looked upon by many as nothing. Doyle picked up on this and introduced Holmes as a character that dislikes the police(just as the Victorians did) and picked up on cases that the police had either dropped or thought unimportant.
Tuesday, January 21, 2020
Claudius as Evil in Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay -- William Sha
Claudius as Evil in Hamlet by William Shakespeare The abstract concept of evil has vastly transformed throughout human history, ranging for the supernatural and mystical to the very humans amongst whom we live. In modern times, evil has become an entirely ambiguous term. Who is evil? What is evil? Men like Adolph Hitler and Saddam Hussein have been garnered with the term ‘evil’ for their atrocities against fellow humans. Now it seems evil has a solely human significance; when a person violates the individual rights of others on a massive scale, he/she is evil. In Shakespeare’s time – the Elizabethan era – evil had a similar, but somewhat altered connotation in the human mind. Evil was an entity that violated the English Christian monarchial tradition. Therefore, a man such as Claudius, from Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, a cold-blooded murderer and a ruthless manipulator, who uses â€Å"rank†deeds to usurp the thrown is in direct violation with the Elizabethan societal norms, and hence h e is an evil character.      In the Elizabethan era, the royal crown was viewed as divinely touched and hence any action against the crown was an action against God. Claudius dismisses God’s right to control the crown by committing a â€Å"murder most foul†(I.v.27), yet he concedes that â€Å"there’s such divinity doth hedge a king†(IV.v.121). Claudius admits that God influences the monarchy and yet he chooses to violate the divine monarchial progression. Hamlet recognizes Claudius’ evil nature beyond simply the murder of his father; Hamlet sees that Claudius is corrupting all of Denmark. Claudius’ reign is compared to â€Å"an unweeded garden/That grows to seed. Things rank and gross in nature/Possess it merely†(I.ii.135-7), his influence causing the destruction of a previously beautiful environment. Claudius’ infectious evil must be eliminated, and Hamlet feels he is the only man who can do anything; he pulls out all the stops and i n the end accomplishes his goal.      King Hamlet’s â€Å"foul and most unnatural murder†(I.v.25) tops Claudius’ list of egregious sins, but most of his offenses are psychological rather than physical. Using his mastery of manipulation, Claudius, the â€Å"incestuous†and â€Å"adulterate beast†managed to win â€Å"to his shameful lust the will†of the virtuous queen, Gertrude (I.v.42-6). Gertrude could not be persuaded to switch husbands without a little verbal tricker... ...er it be through direct divine action or controlled action of another; hence, Hamlet crusades against Claudius and eventually triumphs. A trail of bodies lines Hamlet’s path towards vengeance, but Claudius is revealed, the â€Å"yet unknowing world†is told:                How these things came about†¦                Of carnal, bloody and unnatural acts;                Of deaths put on by cunning and forced cause;                And, in this upshot, purposes mistook                Fall’n on th’ inventors’ heads.                                    (V.ii.359-64)           Claudius’ true nature is exposed; his treachery and heresy is fully recounted, and presumably he is sentenced to eternal damnation for his moral infractions. God’s will prevails in a fundamentally Christian tale of murder in the name of self-interest and revenge in the name of justice and morality. Works Cited: Joseph, Bertram. â€Å"The Theme.†Conscience and the King. London: Chatto & Windus, Ltd., 1953. 130-51. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. Cyrus Hoy. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992. Spencer, Theodore. â€Å"Hamlet and the Nature of Reality.†Journal of English Literary History (December, 1938): 253-77.
Monday, January 13, 2020
Dose Adjustment in Renal Disease
GENERAL APPROACHES FOR DOSE ADJUSTMENT IN RENAL DISEASE Renal insufficiency can markedly alter one or more of the pharmacokinetic parameters of a drug including oral bioavailability, volume of distribution, drug binding to plasma proteins, and most importantly the rates of metabolism and excretion, i. e. , drug clearance.. To minimize drug toxicity and maximize therapeutic benefits, it is often necessary to adjust drug dosage in proportion to the degree of renal insufficiency. A drug will most likely require dose adjustment in renal disease if: 1. A substantial fraction (> 40%) of the drug dose is excreted by the kidney either unchanged or as an active (or toxic) metabolites. 2. The drug or its active metabolite has a narrow therapeutic window such that drug accumulation cannot be tolerated. 3. The kidney is a major site for the inactivation of the drug. This applies mainly to peptides like insulin, glucagon, PTH, and imipenem. 4. There is a significant drop in the binding of the drug to plasma proteins. For instance, a decrease in the protein binding from 99 to 95% results in a fourfold rise in the unbound, active drug concentration. Dose adjustment may involve one or a combination of the following measures: 1. Extension of the dosing interval. 2. Reduction of the maintenance dose. 3. Administration of a loading dose. 4. Monitoring serum drug levels. FACTORS IN CHOOSING OF DOSE ADJUSTMENT APPROACH: Factors to consider when choosing appropriate dose adjustment approach are the class of drug ,the amplitude of the peak-trough fluctuation relative to the therapeutic index, magnitude of the dose with respect to the dose strength to be marketed and practicality of calculated dosing interval. Pharmacokinetic simulations can be especially helpful in visualizing the impact of various dose and interval changes and interval changes on the concentration time (C-T) profile at steady state. Reduced elimination of a drug prolongs its half life (t? ) as well as the time required for the serum level to reach a steady state (4 times t? ). Therefore, whenever it is clinically desirable to rapidly achieve a therapeutic steady state level a loading dose should administered. To maintain a therapeutic level and, at the same time, avoid drug accumulation and toxicity in a patient with reduced renal function, the clinician must consider reducing the size of the maintenance dose or the dosing frequency or both. In general, this reduction should also be proportional to the degree of renal impairment , but should also take into account adaptive or compensatory changes in the metabolism and excretion of the drug through non-renal routes. MAINTENANCE DOSE REDUCTION METHOD: The maintenance dose reduction method is used whenever a more constant (less oscillating) serum drug level is therapeutically preferable (e. . , ? -lactam antibiotics) Let us assume that one has already defined a safe and effective dose regimen for use in normal patients. This normal dose regimen is then adjusted according to dose fraction by two basic procedures. First method termed as constant interval, dose-reduction (DR) reduces the dose (D) by a factor of the dose fraction. Dose interval is the same as that used in the health person. D renal failure = D normal Kf t renal failure = t normal INTERVAL EXTENSION METHOD The second method referred to as constant dose, interval-extension(IE) extends dose interval by inverse of dose fraction, a value referred to as the dose interval multiplier : t renal failure = t normal (1/ kf) D renal failure = D normal This type of dose adjustment strategy may also be implemented through the use of a nomogram where the dosage interval multiplier for this IE regimen is simply read off a plot of creatinine clearance Interval extension method is used for drugs for which a constant serum level is either unnecessary (eg, vigabatrin) or undesirable (e. g. , aminoglycoside antibiotics). This method is also used for drugs that normally have long elimination t?. However, a combination of the two methods is often used. In addition, for a drug whose therapeutic serum level range is known and routinely measured, dosage adjustment is often guided by monitoring the serum drug level and the patient's response in terms of the therapeutic benefit and adverse drug reactions (toxic ity). Reference:: http://www. hedrugmonitor. com/RIT97. html http://books. google. com. pk/books? id=qXw33GaQF9IC=PA288=PA288=general+approaches+to+dose+adjustment+in+renal+patients=bl=IKsqNAp2nU=jglKfgGimUFQ_xBN9cGKPPRsC2E=en=CxbTStLaAo-QkQX1_N30Aw=X=book_result=result=7=0CCMQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage=general%20approaches%20to%20dose%20adjustment%20in%20renal%20patients=false http://www. gbv. de/du/services/toc/bs/380847361 http://books. google. com. pk/books? id=9324ILATCgMC=PA288=general+approaches+to+dose+adjustment+in+renal+DISEASE#v=onepage=general%20approaches%20to%20dose%20adjustment%20in%20renal%20DISEASE=false
Sunday, January 5, 2020
The Controversie over Global Warming - 1995 Words
Global warming, a major concern in today’s society, is the increase in the temperature of the oceans and atmosphere that occurs when incoming energy levels are greater than outgoing energy levels. There are numerous causes of global warming that can potentially affect every aspect of life on Earth. Typically, the causes of global warming are divided into two primary categories: human causes and natural causes. And while there is very little that humans can do to eliminate the natural causes, there are several ways we can reduce the human causes. Human activities are the leading contributing factors to climate change contributing to global warming. Whether it’s driving cars or heating our homes with natural gas, we are releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. According to an article written by Darryl Fears, â€Å"the planet is warming at an accelerated pace without any doubt, that humans are causing it with 95 percent certainty and that the past three decades h ave been the hottest since 1850.†The majority of human causes of global warming can be contributed to the increase of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, into the atmosphere. Of the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide is said to be the most considerable cause of global warming, and most carbon dioxide emissions are the result of burning fossil fuels. Fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, contain high amounts of carbon and when these fuels are burned, a major amount of carbon dioxide
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