European History Essay Example for Free

European History EssayHow did von Bismarcks system of alliances help primary(prenominal)tain peace? Bismarcks system of alliances was the goal of keeping France isolated and not to have any armed services allies. Also, he cute to keep Russia and Austria-Hungary from going to war. France was still acerbic over the losing Alsace-Lorraine from the Franco-Prussian War. some(prenominal) Russia and Austria-Hungary desired territory from the weakening Ottoman Empire, which was the Balkans. The Three Emperors League was an alliance with Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia. This was against radical movements. With the Congress of Berlin, Austria got Bosnia and Herzegovina.The Balkan states terminate up becoming independent. The dual exclusivelyiance was Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy was a defensive alliance protection against Russia. The Reinsurance Treaty was between Germany and Russia. If one of them were to be attacked, they promised neutrality. Germany was concerned ab out war between Austria and Russia. Plus France and Russia world allies. William II ended this agreement and dismissed Bismarck. 2) What were the reasons for Britain and Germanys love-hate relationship? Between the 1700 and 1800s, Germany and Britain had a common enemy, which was France.Their racials ties of Anglo-Saxon and Germanic people as well. The rivalry was of hunt down billet. Germany was on the rise to power. Economic wise was the colonie and the world market. For the military component, Germany expanded their navy with battleships. Great Britain is known for its naval supremacy and it was threatened by Germany. It ended up being a naval race between the two nations. For the political factors, Great Britain wanted alliances with France, Russia, and the United States. At the Algeciras Conference, Germany attempted to break the acquaintance between Great Britain and France.They failed and brought them closer. 3) Why was the Moroccan crisis of 1905 a round point in Europ ean diplomacy? France and Great Britain agreed over North Africa. Britain got adequate control over Egypt and France got full control over Morocco. The Anglo-French Entente was closer relations between France and England. Germany as always wanted to try and break the treaty between France and England. Germany didnt act diplomatically though. They were now viewed as an international bully. Great Britain, France, Russia, and the United States saw Germany as a common threat. These four nations became closer.Austria became Germanys main ally as well. 4) What impact did the Congress of Berlin (1878) have on the Balkan area? What were the origins and causes of the Third Balkan War? With the Congress of Berlin, Austria-Hungary had power over Bosnia and Herzegovina. Romania and Serbia won independence. Bulgaria won a somewhat say in their government. Austria-Hungary and Russia wanted to control the Balkans. With nationalism, Serbia wanted to expand by gaining Bosnia and Herzegovina. Austri a-Hungary ended up annexing both of their wanted territories. Serbians were furious.The First and Second Balkan Wars consisted of argue within Serbia, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire about territorial gains. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was on a visit to Sarajevo and ended up getting assassinated by Serbians. It was the Black give way which was a Serbian terrorist group. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia which was the start of the Third Balkan War. Austria-Hungary wanted to stop nationalism that threatened their empire. 5) Which of the major powers do you believe were near responsible and least responsible for the war? Explain. Austria-Hungary had imperialism in the Balkans and declared war on Serbia.They were also Germanys main ally. Russia had total support of Serbia. They allied with Serbia and France. All three of them mobilized against Germany and Austria-Hungary. Germany wrote a blank check to Austria-Hungary. William IIs poor control of international d iplomacy data track to the Moroccan crisis and naval build up. In addition, Germany invaded France through Belgium. France became permanently mad at Germany and seeked for revenge. They ended up allying with Russia. This meant the support from Russia meant also from Serbia. Great Britain had a naval build up and entered an alliance with France.This cut off the parallelism of power and made it point toward France now. 6) What impact did the war have on the economy and the people at home? How cooperative was the population? The economy changed from a free market system to a state run economy. The government organized price and wage controls, quotas, production and what to be produced. The food and resources full of life for war had to be rationed. Due to nationalism, the population was supportive of the total war efforts of their governments, in the beginning of the war. 7) Did the war have any effect on the power of organized labor? On women in society?The labor unions cooperate d with governments on production and wages. The government gave back by allowing labor leaders in insurance making councils. The unions were accepted in the European countries as legitimate organizations. Women were now in demand for labor because men were off at war. Women became a to a greater extent visible part in society and this gave a boost for the modern womens rights movement. 8) What evidence is there that the strain of the war was beginning to take its chime on the home front in Russia, Austria, France, and Germany by 1916? Russia had a lot of war casualties. The population was vital of the tsars leadership.Nicholas II went to the front to lead the troops. While he was away, Alexandra and Rasputin were in charge. Austrias chief minister was assassinated. Frances Joseph died as well. The Czechs and Yugoslavs called for autonomous democracies. France and their troops refused to fight. There were labor strikes during the war. Clemenceau territorial dominiond practically a s a dictator. Germany had Karl Liebknecht, who was a radical social leader, spoke out against war. This had the radicals to protest. There was an expanding anti-war legislation in the Reichstag and massive break strikes in Berlin. 9) What were the reasons for the Russian Revolution in establish 1917?Who were the Soviets? The war demoralized troops which led to mass desertions. Many peasant soldiers returned home and angry with weapons. Also the war produced massive food shortages and there were lettuce riots in St. Petersburg. These riots spread like wildfire. Nicholas II ended up stepping down and leaving Russia. The Soviet and the provisional government ended up trying to rule Russia. The social classes were going for political liberty. The upper middle class were expecting better results from the war. Workers demanded better wages and good. Peasants asked for land reform. The Soviets was a political organization in St.They were against the czars government and operated separate ly from the Kerenskys provisional government. For example, Army Order 1. 10) What were the reasons for the Bolshevik victory in the civil war? The democracy ended up turning into an anarchy. Not one individual group or person had clear dominance to take power. Lenin and Trotsky were talented leaders who competed for power. Trotsky created an organized and centralized army that was subject to outperform the whites. While Lenin was able to appeal to the urban workers and soldiers who were for socialism, successfully.The Bolsheviks ruled the center of Russia while the white were scattered out over thousands of miles. There was a unfathomable police and the use of terror. The White Armies were decentralized and didnt organize movements. They didnt have a clear political objective that rallied the enemies of the Bolsheviks into an united front. Foreign military aid was too late and little and rallied nationalistic Russian against the whites. 11) What happened to the Austro-Hungarian an d Turkish empires after 1918? Austria-Hungary became Austria. They lost land to Italy which was Tyrol.They became independent states which were Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Hungary. Austria ended up becoming a small, militarily insignificant European nation. The Ottoman Empire ended up becoming Turkey. France got Lebanon and Syria. While Britain received Iraq and Palestine. The empire was diminished and Turkeys borders were the Anatolian peninsula and the Bosporus. Both of these nations were once dominant in power and now were put down to secondary status, which is ironic. 12) What were the goals of Wilson, Lloyd George, and Clemenceau at the Versailles Peace Conference? President Wilson of the United States created the Fourteen Points.He wanted national self determinations, rights of small countries, and League of Nations. David Lloyd George was focused on restoring Germany to a reasonable economic strength. He perceived that Germany could be a balance to the communist Russia. G eorges Clemenceau seeked revenge against Germany for the two invasions in the last forty years. He wanted to create a buffer state between France and Germany. He wanted protection against future attacks and permanent demilitarization of Germany. Germany had to pay large war reparations and it weakened them, yet gave France a chance to rebuild.

Investing in Futures and Options Essay Example for Free

Investing in Futures and Options Es gradeINTRODUCTIONOf late, investors who argon in the expect and commodity atomic number 18 rivet their attention towards risk attention especially due to towering capriciousness nature.Since these volatility movements are un certain(prenominal), it has become fore just about cause of vagueness for such investors. Since the globalization of administer and free trade amongst major countries has become the order of the day, all most all the investors have to be at a lower place mercy of the qualify charge per unit fluctuations which results in volatility .The notion that exchange grazes , profitability and other factors influence a firms comfort and therefore the hurt of its transmit certificate is widely held by financial analyst ,economists and corporate managers . The liberalization of economic policies and investment policies due to human creations trade organizations (WTO) free diminish of investments and trade between me mber countries and bilateral free trade accordances between countries have appended internationalization of economic activity and exceptional era of world wide silver and reside rates instability. To counter these financial risks, pertly pi mavenering concept commodity and stock commercialize hedging techniques have nurtured at a rapid speed. The main feature of the using derivatives through hedging is to have control over the financial risk and minimizing the effect of uncertain cash flows. financial institutions have come to rescue to these corporations who have expo original to financial risk with the range of products to assist in risk management. By far the most important event in finance during the past decade has been the extraordinary development and expansion of financial derivatives. These instruments enhance the ability to differentiate risk and allocate it to the investors most able and testamenting to take it a process that has undoubtedly improved national pr oductivity growth and standards of living . Allen Green Span, Chairman, Board of Governors of the US federal Reserve System.The structural advantage of derivatives i.e. leverage or gearing makes them suitable for managing risk put up also result in the generation of leveraged profits or in the event of adverse market movement , a significant losses. The main advantage of gearing is that the emptor or seller need plainly to cough up a small proportion of total legal injury at the time of deal is executed.It whitethorn be 1% and 8% depending upon the volatility of the inherent commodity or instrument. In the case of exchange traded transactions, this deposit is recognized as initial margin and is expected to reflect the amount by which the hurt of a bargain may vary in one days trading. At the day end, all contracts will be wanted and if the impairment has been found to move against the position, the losing party will have to pay further variation margin vociferations. In c ontrary, if the de shapeine movement is positive, credit will be given to the party .It is this element of gearing that provides the opportunity to make large gains or losses.Prudent handling of this leverage will result in considerable profit maximization and if it handled inexpertly, may generate losses .In some cases , these losses though high but they are few in occur when measured against volume of business and number of participants in derivative business .The contributory factors for sustaining loss includes excessive position taking ( in relation to capital) , fraudulent activity , unexpected market moves, ineffective risk management, insufficient product understanding and inadequacies in corporate policy governing their use. What is a derivative?differential gear is a mathematical word which refers to a variable, which has been derived from other variable and they have no look upons of their own. deriveds derive their value from the value of some other asset, which is referred as the underlying.For instance, a derivative of the deals of AT T Corporation (underlying), will derive its value from the share equipment casualty (value) of AT T Corporation. Likewise, a derivative contract on wheat depends upon the damage of wheat.An agreement or an weft to buy or sell the underlying asset of the derivative up to a certain time in the emerging at a pre decided monetary value i.e. the exercise price by way of special contract is known as derivative contract.The contract also has a flat expiry cessation mostly in the range of 3 to 12 months from the date of origination of the contract. The price of the underlying asset and the expiry finish of the contract determine the value of the contract.Financial derivatives comprises of underlying financial asset like currency, debt instruments, equity shares, share price mogul etc.Exchange-traded derivatives are derivative contracts that has been standardized and traded on the stock exchanges. Over-the co unter derivatives is one which has been customized as per the requirements of the user by negotiating with the other party involved.Some of the coarse forms of derivatives are Futures, Forwards and Options. FuturesFutures are the derivative contracts that give the holder the chance to buy or sell the underlying asset at a pre-specified price some time in the near next and usually thy come with standardized form like contract size, doctor expiry time and price.The future market is one where continues auction market and exchanges presenting the recent information about the supply and demand as regards to individual commodities or financial instruments like stocks . In other words, future market is one where buyers and sellers of variety of commodities, financial instruments get together to trade. The main aim of the future market is to manage price risk.The future price risk is averted by buying or selling futures contract, with a price train arrived at now, for items to be delive red in future. This is achieved by hedging which helps to shell against the risk of an adverse price change in the near future or use of futures to lock in an acceptable margin between their leverage and their selling price.In futures, bankers, farmers, traders, manufacturers will arrange for the purchase or sale of a futures contract. In future market, commodities are broken down into five categories videlicet agriculture, metallurgical, interest bearingassets, jndexes and foreign currency.Agricultural futures market includes oats, corn , wheat , soybeans , soy meal ,soyoil,sunflower oil ,cattles , live hogs and pork bellies, lumber , plywood ,cotton, coffee, cocoa, rice, orange succus and sugar. For every one of these commodities, different contract months are available and it depends upon the harvest cycle. More aggressively traded commodities usually have more contract months available and a new type of contract is available almost every month to meet the growing institutional and corporate market.Futures on Metallurgical ProductsPetroleum products and metals is being covered under this group and it includes platinum, gold, silver, palladium, copper, gasoline, crude oil, propane and heating oil. Every month a new type of contract emerges to cater the needs of ever sum up institutional and corporate market.Assets which bears interest This has its origin during 1975 and products in these categories include treasury bonds, Treasury Bills, Municipal Bonds, Treasury Notes and Eurodollar deposits. It is also possible to trade contracts with the like maturity but different expected interest rate differentials.Futures on IndexesNow futures are available on most chief indexes such as bare-ass York Stock Exchange Composite, SP 500, New York Stock Exchange Utility index, Russell 2000, Commodity Research Bureau (CRB), SP 400 Midcap, FT-Se 100 Index (London) and Value line. These stock index features are settled in cash and there is no delivery of goods is involv ed in this order. A trader has to settle his positions by buying or selling an offsetting position or in cash at expiration.Foreign Currency FuturesDuring the post war period, the exchange rates and interest rates were durable and the mechanism of fixed exchange rates of the Bretton Woods era enabled the corporations to know in advance their foreign exchange liabilities for their imports.But the collapse of Bretton Woodss system after the war resulted in the introduction of general floating exchange rates replacing the earlier fixed system. The introduction of floating exchange rates have resulted in large unexpected movements in exchange rates that too in unforeseen directions and magnitudes which affected interest rate movements as the mo webary establishment tried to influence the exchange rates by movements in interest rates. It is to be noted that the forward market in currencies is such(prenominal) bigger than the foreign exchange futures market. Further, there are cross cu rrency futures that are being traded and these includes Deutsch mark / yen, Deutsch mark / French franc. Forwards OptionsForward is other form of a derivative contract but tailored to the needs of the user in terms of expiry date, contract size, and price.These contracts confer the holder the plectron to buy or sell the under lying at a pre-determined price some time in the future .Call option is one where the buyer has given his option to buy the underlying at the near future .Where as an option to sell the underlying at a specified price in the future is called as Put Option. As regards to the option contract, the buyer is not obliged to exercise the option contract. Generally, options can be traded on the stock exchange or on the OTC.In option, the participants may assume a position in an underlying futures contract at a certain price which is known as exercise or strike price within a grumpy period of time. The price or premium of the option is determined through action mark et trading. SwapsSwaps contract was introduced in 1981 and can be considered as one of the latest financial innovations to manage financial risks. The contracting parties are obliged to exchange specified cash flows at specified intervals under a swap contract. In a nutshell, a swap contract can be defined as a series of forward contracts put together. If the exchange of interest rate payments in one currency for payments in another(prenominal) currency is devised, then it amounts to a currency swap.If the exchange between two parties of interest obligations or receipts in the same currency on an concord amount of notional principal for an agreed period of time is devised, then it is known as interest rate swap. An interest rate swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange interest payments calculated on different bases over a period of time. Under interest rate swap, one party to the contract makes fixed rate payments while the other partys payments are based on a floating rate such as LIBOR.For instance, if a company which has borrowed from a bank at a floating rate (7 m LIBOR) may want to swap that for a fixed rate (7m LIBOR) so that they can cover the risk if the interest rates go up. On one side, they pay 7% (of the agreed notional principal) and receive 7m LIBOR and on the other side they pay 7m LIBOR straight out to repay their loan. Thus they have converted a floating rate loan into a fixed rate loan.The said bank may manages its own risk from the above swap transaction by fundamenting it out with another swap , say by paying 6.95% for 7m LIBOR and thus they earn a profit of 0.5% difference thus avoiding the risk in the interest rate changes .The other different types of interest rate swap areBasis swap For instance, swapping 2m LIBOR for 4m LIBOR. Basic swaps are mostly use by mortgage companies because the get the mortgage payments on periodical basis.Both fixed Currency Swap Both fixed and say fixed $ for fixed Both floating currency swa p 2m $ LIBOR for 4 m Yen LIBOR.Cross Currency Swap fixed for 2m CHF LIBOR.Companies derive more flexibility to exploit their comparative advantage in their respective borrowing markets under currency swaps. Under interest rate swap, corporations try to focus on their comparative advantage in borrowing in a single currency in the swindle end of the maturity spectrum vs. the long end of the maturity spectrum. USES OF DERIVATIVESDerivatives are mainly used for speculation or hedging. For speculation, derivatives offer us leverage.For instance, kinda of buying 5Million bond in the anticipation that its price will rise up, one can buy an option on that bond, which might only damage 2000. The profit chances or opportunities are the same little the price of the option but the risk is much less as the most we can jobless in this deal is the option price ( 2000).For hedging, derivatives let you to seal the price now for a trade in future or at least(prenominal) limits the rise or fa ll of that price. An UK company holding a US bond which is on the verge of its maturity could buy an interest rate option to guarantee the dollar / sterling rate did not diminish the value of its bond.Volatility is regarded as the most precise measure of risk and its return. The great the volatility, the greater the risk and the reward as it is evidenced in the transaction from bull to bear markets. It is to be observed in the bearish market, volatility and risk augment while returns disappear including short selling returns. HistoryThe very prototypical exchange for trading derivatives started by Royal Exchange in London, which allowed forward contract. Likewise, the first future contract was introduced to Yodoya rice market in Osaka, Japan in 1650. Then in 1848, wampum Board of Trade was started to handle futures market of US.Russell Sage, a famous New York financier introduced synthetic loans using the principle of put-call parity. Sage could able to create a synthetic loan by fixing the put, call and strike prices with interest rate poignantly higher than the US usury law permitted.Chicago Mercantile Exchange started International Monetary Market in 1972 which permitted trading in currency futures. The Chicago Board of Trade started first interest rate futures in 1975.Treasury bill futures contract was introduced in 1975 by Merc.The Chicago Board Options Exchange was started in 1973 and there were publications for the first time option pricing model of Fischer Black and Myron Scholes. Chicago Board Options Exchange created an option on an index of stocks which was originally known as CBOE 100 index which later known as SP 100.During 1980, Swaps and other over-the counter derivatives were introduced. It was in 1994, the derivative trade witnessed a series of huge losses and this affected experienced trading firms like Metallgesellschaft and Procter and Gamble. Orange country, California which is the Americas wealthiest city was declared as unsuccessful person due to derivative trading and use of leverage in a portfolio of short -term Treasury securities.DERIVATIVES OR DESTRUCTIVE? A CASE STUDY OF BARINGS, UK. husking Brothers, a British merchant bank went to bankruptcy in 1995 after incurring a whooping loss of 860 million occurred on the Singapore and Osaka derivative exchanges. chip Leeson, the banks star trader and absence of management controls to monitor his activities were the main reasons for this debacle. During the period between 1992 and 1995, Lesson built up positions in futures and options contracts on the Nikkei 225 stock exchange index, which proved highly profitable in the early years.Futures positions were bought by Lesson on the Nikkei index and financed cash calls on them as they fell in value by selling put options on the contract, thereby producing a straddle and thus betting against volatility of the market. Simex derivative exchange in Singapore were used to book the contracts and he run a hedged position o n Nikkei index futures and make money by arbitraging between Singapore and Osaka markets.However he ceased hedging on the purchases made in Singapore and took on risk. Due to unexpected volatility in the market, losses were incurred and these losses in fact exceeded the net worth of Baring Bank .Lesson was later imprisoned for the falsification of records in an attempt to cover up his activities.The rationale of this case law is to elucidate how a bank can face bankruptcy if there is no proper risk management system is in force. The case also establishes the concept of value at risk (VAR) which is a simple method to express the risk of a portfolio. Because of the recent derivatives disasters, end-users, regulators, financial institutions and central bankers are now resorting to VAR as a method to foster stability in financial markets .The case illustrates how VAR could have been utilized to Baring Bank case to warn its management of the risk they were facing in advance. VOLATILITYVo latility has its effect on administered market and it is high when both supply and demand are inelastic and probable to random shocks. According to Rudiger Dornbusch, market always overshoots in reaction to unexpected changes in economic variables.Volatility is a type of market incompetence and it is a reaction to uncertainty and excessive volatility is unreasonable.Volatility in stock and commodity market is represented by sharp changes in prices and inventory directs and level of volatility itself has fluctuated over the time. Changes in future prices, spot prices and inventories are influenced by changes in volatilityVolatility is a determinant of changes in price express in percentage terms without regard to direction especially in stock price and stock index levels , commodities and in financial intermediaries .For example , an add-on from 200 to 201 in one index is as same as the volatility terms to an increase in 100 to 101 in another index , because both changes are 1% an d as this 1% increase is equal to volatility terms to a 1 % price decline .There are four ways to explain the volatility or movement and they are historical volatility , future volatility , expected volatility and implied volatility .historic volatility is an appraiser of actual price variation during a particular period in the past. Future volatility refers annualized standard deviation of daily returns during particular future period basically between current and an option expiration. Expected volatility is an investors forecast of volatility utilized in an option method to gauge the theoretical value of an option. Implied volatility is the volatility percentage that illustrates the current market price of an option and it is the indicator of an options price.Volatility is describe as standard deviation of the yield of an asset and the value of an option always increases with volatility. The greater the volatility, the higher the option chance during its life and convertible to th e underlying asset at a marginal profit and this methodology has been proved in the Black-Scholes linguistic rule. Black-scholes formula yield results during trends and unsuccessful when the market change sign. The implied volatilities are in effect(p) forecasts of future volatility since varying market conditions cause volatilities to change through time stochastically and traditional volatilities can not correct itself to varying market conditions as ghastly .Stochastic volatility contradicts the assumption required by the Black-Scholes model if volatilities do modify stochastically through moment in time, the Black-Scholes method is no longer the correct pricing method and an implied volatility derived from the Black-Scholes formula provides no fresh information.Black-Scholes formula is lacking on certain issues like the oblique volatilities of motley options on the identical stock tend to differ disregarding the formulas hypothesize that a single stock can be correlated with only one value of implied volatility. The Black-Scholes formula mainly ignores the distribution of stock prices in US market. Some studies have revealed severe deviation from the price process fundamental to Black-Scholes formula like excess kurtosis, skewness, time varying volatilities and serial correlation. Further Black scholes deals with stochastic volatility poorly and it relies on impractical assumption that market dickers ceaselessly thereby ignoring institutional constraints and transaction costs. Stock ChartingStock charting is the process of a graphical sequence record enables it easier to dapple the effect of cardinal happenings on imperious securitys price., its functioning over a period of time and whether its trading its higher or its lower or in between these.Traders are very particular in daily, intraday data to forecast short-term price movements. Investors rely on weekly and monthly charts to mark long term trends and movements. Line chart, Bar chart, Candlestick Chart and point and figure chart are some of the examples of stock charting method. Arithmetic and semi-log arithmetic scales are two methods of price scaling used in the stock charting method.When the price range is hemmed within a tight range and used in general for short-term charts and trading. Semi-log scales are useful for long term charts to estimate the percentage movements over a foresighted period of time including large movements. Stock and other securities are estimated in relative terms through tools lime PE, Price/Revenues and Price/Book and as such it will be more useful to analyse in percentage terms. OcillatorThis is an indicator which is calculated by taking 10 day moving average of the difference between the numbers of advancing and defining issues for supercilious given index. An indicator will reflect whether an index is gaining or losing impetus, so the size of the moves is more significant than the level of the current reading. The level of the reading is in fluenced by how the oscillator changes each day thereby dropping a value ten days ago and adding todays value.The scale in moves is also ministrant when it is compared with the divergence from the index price. If the Dow climaxes at the same time, the oscillator peaks in overbought area and suggests a top. Divergence is said to be negative and momentum is declining when index makes a new high but the oscillator fails to make a higher .One can buy if the index declines at this point but oscillator moves into oversold territory. If the oscillator rises above a previous overbought level though the index rises but does not make new heights, it is said to be upside momentum exists to continue the rally. SupportA support level is the price at which buyers are anticipated to enter the market in considerable numbers to take control from sellers. As the market has its track record, when price falls to a new low and then soars, the buyers who ignored on the first low will be persuaded to buy if price returns to that level back .Fearing of missing out the opportunity for the second time, these traders may enter into market in adequate numbers to take control from sellers. As the result, there is a rally strengthening sensitivity that price is unlikely to fall further thereby creating a support level. ResistanceThe price level at which the sellers are anticipated to enter the market in sizeable numbers to take control from buyers is known as resistance level. If price makes a new racy and then move back, sellers who ignored the previous High will be predisposed to sell when price returns to that level back. Fearing of missing the opportunity for the second time, these sellers may enter the market in large numbers to overwhelm buyers. As the result, market perception will be reinforced that price is unlikely to increase higher and form a resistance level. CANDLE CHARTINGIt is a price chart that shows the open, low, the high and close for a stock each day over a specified period of time .It is known as Japanese candles because they used to analyse the price of rice contracts. When the close is higher than the open , the same is represented by an white empty box in the candle charting .When the close is lower than the open , then it is represented by a unharmed black candle ,Colored candles are used to reflect the days volume. Investment strategies in stock and optionsFollowing is the most of common investment strategies for charge investment objectives, financial means and risk tolerance. Despite of market crash in 1929, market break in 1987, market correction in 1989 and though the prices of all securities fell down drastically but broad movement of the market has seen their value steadily increased. One of the strategies is to buy and hold for long the high quality stocks or futures of stock or commodities .The buy and-hold strategy offers one to profit from this long term forward trend of the stock market. Further, dividend investment project offers small investors a painless method of building wealth.Dollar Cost AveragingThis is also a long term strategy and one has to invest in a stock or mutual fund or futures at regular intervals monthly, quarterly or semiannually. The success of dollar-cost averaging relies on consistency of amount invested and the system of the payments so as to minimize pricing and timing risk. The success of the Dollar cost averaging depends upon the following factors.The plan for the investment should be for a long period i.e. from 7 years to 10 years .In the last 100 years, there were about 40 recessions or market corrections or a downswing about every 3 years and If one carry on to invest through about three of these corrections, the profits of dollar-cost averaging tend to be maximized.2 .Investment at regular intervals is most preferred.Investment should be made regularly regardless of the price of the stock.Give preference to high quality of stocks or mutual funds and a company or fund wi th history of habitual dividend payments and possible for capital appreciation is a better choice.One has to make sure that he has enough strength so that he can adhere to the plan through highs and lows and sell out at the peak and thus the money allocated for dollar-cost averaging result in wealth-building funds, not committed funds.i Going ShortAn investor who prefers short i.e. enters into futures contract by agreeing to sell and deliver the underlying at a price and wishes to make profit from declining price levels and thereby selling high now , the contract can be repurchased in the future at a lesser price thus creating a profit for the investor.16.Spreads It involve taking benefit of the price difference between two different contracts of the same commodity and bed cover is believed to be the most conventional forms of trading in the futures market because it is much safer than the trading long / short futures contract. There are different types of spread namely calendar spr ead, inter-exchange spread and inter-market spread. Swing affairIt denotes a technique of placing emphasis on playing the swings in the PPS, selling on the highs and buying on the lows sooner than the swiftness of the trade. To complete the swing trade, it may need more than a day, a week or authoritarian month or longer period and channeling stock is pursued by the some swing traders. FlippingIt refers the process of trading a stock very quickly with in minutes or hours etc as past as possible may be on the same day. It is often used to explain a buy and sell with a share that is running and where the trader buys the stock as it is moving up and sells the same on even a higher point in a short period of time. A flipper aim is to maximize his profits by emphasizing on fast trades to earn quick profits. The risk is also less downside as the trader sits in a stock for a less time.i Hall, Alvin D., and Carolyn M. Brown. Investment Strategies Made Easy Heres How to Overcome Your Fears of the Market and Invest like a Pro. Black Enterprise Mar. 1994 66+.2.Fisher, Black and Myron Scholes, The pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities The Journal of Political Economy, 81,637-654.3.Mackay, Charles. Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds New York, Harmony Books (1980).4.Chance .Don M. A Chronology of Derivatives Derivative Quarterly, 2 (winter, 1955) 53-60.5.Thomas L. Friedman ,The World Is Flat A Brief History of the Twenty-first CenturyStephen Leeb, Glen Strathy ,The Coming Economic Collapse How You Can Thrive When Oil cost $200 a Barrel7.George A. Fontanills, Tom Gentile The Volatility Course8.George Soros, Paul A. Volcker The Alchemy of Finance (Wiley Investment Classics)9. washstand C. Hull Options, Futures and Other Derivatives (6th Edition)10.Marc Allaire ,The Options Strategist11. George Kleinman, Trading Commodities and Financial Future A Step by Step Guide to Mastering the Markets (3rd Edition).12. Sheldon Natenberg ,Option Volatility P ricing Advanced Trading Strategies and TechniquesJeffrey M. Christian, Commodities Rising The Reality lav the Hype and How To Really Profit in the Commodities Market.John J. Murphy ,Technical Analysis of the Financial Markets A Comprehensive Guide to Trading Methods and Applications (New York Institute of FinanceJohn F. Carter, Mastering the Trade (McGraw-Hill Traders Edge)16. Joseph Kellogg, Trading From the Inside17. Thomas N. Bulkowski ,Encyclopedia of Chart Patterns (Wiley Trading)18.Stephen W. Bigalow, Profitable Candlestick Trading Pinpointing Market Opportunities to Maximize Profits

Examining Effective Leadership Styles

Examining effectual Leadership StylesThroughout history of health care policy makers they were challenged to farm powerful leading skillsfor future nurses leaders. Therefore there was a need to damp divers(prenominal) contemporary leaders looks andbehaviors, other than those theories known before. Contemporary lead styles is non just a group of skillsor missions, it is rather an attitude that rate on the collaboration and trenchant teamwork. Contemporaryleadership is dynamic blood that lead lead the leaders and pursual to a higher level of moral andteamwork set aboutment. (Lanier Rose, 2008).Effective leaders as reflected in this literature of leadership, is one who is having the great power to spend a penny ahealthy environment that willing affect the motivation, efficiency, and effectiveness of their employees. Inaddition a good leader needs to have different leadership styles and attitude, and need to know in whichsituation he/she tin can evidence a particular a pproach. Furthermore in order for good leaders to drive theirorganization forward they need to practice authority, and help their employees to motivate, plan, lead,control, organize and achieve their goals and activities. (Jenkins, 2009).This paper covers briefly s sluice contemporary leadership styles quantum leadership, charismatic leadership,transactional leadership, transformational leadership, overlap leadership, and servant leadership.Also in this assay I will discusses and examine effective leader from throughout the literature and howleaders can develop effective leadership styles that will impact successfully on the organization. Mainly byexploring and comparing between dickens famous forms of contemporary leadership approaches, thetransactional and transformational leadership styles. unconvincing I will focus on my writing on one of the nursingleaders that inspired me, what were her leadership styles, and what makes her a good leader in my view, andwhat I think she was lacking as a leader.Contemporary leadership stylesQuantum leadership is based on important strategies, such as building capacity, thinking, planning, and work in collectively. In one of the research study program conducted by Jennifer Milewski, shedeveloped seven drives of effective quantum leadership which are building strong companionship relationship,open the way for the community initiative, find source of power in society, deal with difficult and complicatedtasks, build relationships with other systems, motivate employee for continuous learning, and demand the futureto the present. (Milewski, 2006). What makes quantum good is that the leadership is shared activity andskills between the leader and employee in the health care system because all the staff and patient can haveaccess to the information not only the leader. (Sullivan Decker, 2009).Leaders how are having charismatic personality characterizes by being dynamic, with attractive andmagnetic personality, and they inspi re their participators through their speech. What makes this style strong andpowerful is that people marry the leader speech regardless of the content of their message without the needfor providing evidence and they usually value religion and politics more than facts, on the other mintcharismatic is limited because followers today are more acquaintanceable and aware and they will not listen toany leader easily without providing evidence based practice. (Mc Crimmon, 2007). Martin Luther King isgood example for this style.Transactional leadership is about exchanging socially whereby the leader and follower are persuadeed to giveand receive social, political, physiological, and economical benefit. In this style leaders are expected tomotivate, enhance and meet their employee goals, objectives, and loyalty within the circumstance of their practiceand policy, moreover transactional leader work on day to day operation, it is like when you are asked to workovertime hours and on the o ther hand you expect to receive bonus. (Sullivan Decker, 2009).Transformational leadership as defined by Burns is based on motivating, inspiring and empowering bothleader and follower, and to work location by side to achieve and maintain the vision and preferred future.Transformational leader see themselves as a changing agent, lifelong learner, believes in people and able tohandle and vie complex task. Transactional leadership has been the basis for the nursing administrationcurriculum. (Malloch Porter, 2006).Relational leadership or connective leadership as introduced by Klakovich is based on flexilemanagement that will motivate health care team, clients, and families. She also explained that this approachfocuses in creating and strengthens interconnection between and among multidisciplinary team. (Klakovich,1994).The manager usually shows relational leadership broker when convening the multidisciplinary team to planor change the patient care program, and this will break the hierarchical relationship and lead all member todevelop leadership at all level in the organization. (Sullivan Decker, 2009).Shared leadership is based on the principle of relationships, partnerships, discussion, and understandingthe limit. This approach shares the managing and leading responsibilities between two or more leaders sincethey dont expect that one leader has the ability and knowledge to handle and manage all tasks effectively.(Sullivan Decker, 2009).Servant leadership approach is suggested to support nursing staff in patient care where extra expectationand support are required from the managers, it is also ensure attri thate nursing care where there is increase thedemand on nursing work force. In health care environment its believed that the work will be enhanced andbe more effective with more servant- oriented management approach. (Jenkins Stewart, 2010).By the end, each leadership model is attempting to persuade the followers to follow their managementstrategies for the greater success of the organization.Effective leader and leadershipLeadership is defined in many way but all of them agree that it is a process that influence individual, team,or the community to achieve their goal. It can be formal or informal depending on the leader authorities andpersonal skills. (Sullivan Decker, 2009).Effective leader essential be able to influence, empower, and motivate the follower to participate for theeffectiveness of the organization. (Chen, Beck, Amos, 2005).Mcshane and Vonglinow in 2005 listed some important characteristic and skills for effective leadership, thoseinclude but not limited to intelligent, confidence, motivation, knowledgeable about the business, integrity,command and emotional intelligent, and these skills will enable the leaders to be effective and strong withany leadership style they are following.One reason that might affect the development of effective leader is when a cutting leader is surprised thatpeople who promoted the m are not following, especially in health care system where leadership position isgiven without strong educational background and experience. Therefore the leader must develop better waysfor managing, leading, and convincing their follower. They should be able to negotiate, and satisfy theiremployees in order to drive the organization forward. (Karlene, 2008).In nursing career leaders who play beyond the classic leadership style are needed, that will provide adirect contact between nurses and their manager in order to create positive work environment specially whereretaining nurses are becoming a great challenges. (Amany, Susan, Mary, 2009).Through my reading I realized that effective leader must practice authority, empower and motivateemployees to face their fears, and enable them to share in decision making process and by being intelligent inselecting the closely effective leadership style that works with different changes in the organization, can have amajor impact on the succ essful of the organization.Moreover maintaining and modify the organization after achieving the success and desired vision is criticalfor the progression to continue.Transactional and transformational leadershipsMany researchers have conducted to examine the most effective model between transactional andtransformational leadership theories. The difference between both of them where first recognized by Weber1998, who said that transactional leadership power is based on controlling the basis of knowledge and leadersusually aim to compromise and negotiate with followers in order to achieve higher efficiency, and theypromote subordinates to complete their successful. On the other hand in transformational approach leadershave charismatic character that aim to transform employees and help them to change ways of thinking byusing new ideas, and leaders create learning opportunities for their followers and encourage them to solveproblems. (Kotlyar, Karakowsky, 2006).Other studies have rela ted transformational and charismatic approaches both are similar by attracting andenhancing followers. In contrast charismatic inspires followers superficially however charismatic is certainlya shot of transformational leader. (Bass Bass,2008).what I cant forget and still wander in my mind when she said to me always follow your intuition and answer the hidden voice inside you, whenever you feel that something wrong is going on with your patient even if you are sure that she is clinically stable, and that is just feeling, dont ignore it and check her continuously till that feeling leave you. Later I realized that sometimes such feeling is harbinger.

Organizational Culture and Societal Culture

Organizational Culture and Societal CultureM whatever questions have been raised as whether there is a relation channelize between the denounce-upal assimilation, societal culture and the leading styles in an organization. All of the above factors are very important as uttermost as the running and achievement of any given organization is concerned especially in terms of fulfilling its goals and objectives as headspring as being effective and efficient in the achievements. The leadinghip styles used by a certain organization represent part of the culture of that organization and then the culture of the troupe enchants the culture of the organization as well as the leadership styles that the organization should use. For example for any organization to have a culture of using any charismatic, participation, situational, transactional, transformational, the soothe or servant style of leadership, then the societal culture moldiness be put into consideration (Chandler, 1992) .Background of the necessitateIn pose for any manager to principal(prenominal)tain a smooth and a veracious organisational culture, he or she should adopt rough very important organisational cultural practices. The cultural practices that any organization will adopt must go out a strong link between the employees and the management as well as the leadership styles, organisational culture and the societal culture (Finlay, 2000). This means that they have to be structured in such a way that they provide great motivation and courage to the employees for improving their working skills and productivity to satisfy the postulate of the customers. In addition, the cultural practices also must infuse some aspects of the organization uniform values, experiences attitudes, and beliefs. This is because these organizational cultural practices are the instrument that every organization uses to cause motivation among all of its workers and employees (Geert Gert, 2005). These cultural prac tices comprises of beliefs and ideas of which each member of that organization must comply with to achieve the objectives and the goals of that particular organization. This then means that the cultural practices must be made in such a way that they are satisfying to all the members of the organization whether in the management or employee level (Hannagan, 2005).enquiry problemDue to changes in the technologies as well as the rate at which the people all over the world are embracing innovations, there is a great need for any given organization to align its organizational culture and leadership styles to be able to fit in the societal culture, which is in actual sense changing on daily basis (Hill Jones, 2007). question questionsWhat is the association between the organizational culture, societal culture and the leadership styles in an organization?How does the leadership style affect the relationship between the societal culture and the organizational culture?How does the societal culture influence the leadership styles used in an organization and the organizational culture and the leadership styles in an organization?How does the organizational culture influence the leadership styles used in an organization?Research goals and objectivesTo find out the association between the organizational cultures, societal culture and the leadership styles in an organization.To find out the leadership style affects the relationship between the societal culture and the organizational culture.To find out the societal culture influence the leadership styles used in an organization, the organizational culture, and the leadership styles in an organization.To find out the organizational culture influence the leadership styles used in an organization.Research hypothesesThere is no significant relationship between the organizational culture societal culture and the leadership styles in an organizationSignificance of the studythe study will be very significant in the following way sThe employees will be able to understand what is required of them as far as the culture of the organization is concerned.The managements main objective is to insure an organization succeeds in meeting its mission, objectives and goals and so the study will show the performance of an organization in comparison to other organizations.The shareholder who are supporting the organization will be aware of the risks they are being exposed to as well as the effectiveness of the organizationThe customers or the clientele will be able to determine the reliability of the organizations service as far as meeting their needs is concernedThe evaluators will be able how the level of efficiency, effectiveness and compliance with the law requirements.CHAPTER II2.1 Literature reviewOne of the most important aspects that should be considered in implementing organizational theory is the issue of behavior patterns in the organization (Hisrich, 2000). This is the reason as to why most of the organizatio n organizes for seminars and workshops for their employees so that they can be informed about the organizational cultural practices the organization implements this is a great advantage because it enables the workers to change their behavior accordingly to be in line with the organizational goals and objectives (James, 2007). This also enables their behavior to add much credibility to their work as well as increase ethical value of the organization thus adding its popularity hence giving it a platform for competition. It should be noted that any theory that an organization opts to implement, must be thoroughly scrutinized by the professions before critical closing about its creation is made (Paauwe, 2009). This is to visualise that it works for the betterment of that particular organization. A better strategic vision is therefore very important to ensure that all the cultural changes that are made are geared towards the wellbeing of that organization. Another importance of organi zational cultural practices is that it brings understanding between the employers and the employees. As a result, it then leads to extendment of loyalty and trust within the organization (Peter, 2007). If for example in a particular organization the team leader in a department does not cope well with the rest of the employees, then it means that there is need to investigate and find out the root cause of the problem. By doing this, the organization will be ensuring that the cultural practices that have been set do not just benefit the organization but also are taking care of the welfare of the employees (Salder Craig, 2003). There are many cultural practices that are used by the organizations to achieve the above benefits and especially the issue of creating a good relationship between the employer and the employee.The relationship between leadership styles and the organizational culture and societal cultureOrganizational culture refers to the norms, shared values, and expectatio ns that determine the governing of a certain organization. It actually describes the manner in which people interacts as well as approach the work. Societal culture defines the norms, expectations, and shared values of a federation or a group of people living in a particular place governing them. For any given organization to run well, there organizational culture, societal culture and the leadership style must be in harmony. There are seven leadership styles used that can be used in the running of an organization and each of them depends on the organizational culture and the societal culture of where the organization is set.Servant leadership refers to the leader ship in which the responsibility of the followers is in the leader. The leader serves the juniors for helping them achieve their goals (Woodward, 1998). This helps them to grow as individuals, be transformed, trust the leaders and helps in team building. The quiet leadership style is in such a way that the success of the organization is based on the thoughts as well as actions rather than the egoistic nature of the leaders (Thompson Martin, 2005). They are not bully leader but are very charismatic in the accomplishment of their roles. The transformational kind of leadership involves the leaders who put all of their passion as well as energy in all that they are doing. They are very vision oriented and transfigure their employees to potential contributors to the organization and they transform the organization. The transactional leadership style is the one that the leaders ensure the employees are motivated by the rewards as well as they make it clear what the employees must do to get the reward. The leadership is based on the contingency theory (Thad, 1992). Situational leadership is the one that leader makes decisions depending on the prevailing situations like the capacity of followership and the motivation. This is also affected by the behavior of the leaders since the leaders perceptions abou t themselves as well as other factors as if stress determines the success of this leadership style (Terence, 1984). Participative leadership is the one a leader involves the other people in the move of decision making like the peers, and subordinates. It helps the managers to consult, be empowered, and film in joining decision-making and exercise democracy. Finally, the charismatic leadership uses w wide range of ways to deal with management. It is very similar to transformational (Thompson, 1997).CHAPTER IIIMethodologyThis constituent involves the real planning of the study. This is whereby all the methods of selective information collection are identifies, the design of the investigate is also determined, the try out size is calculated, and the population under study is defined, methods of data analysis are also given and finally the study limitations and ethical considerations are given (Welman Kruger, 2000). The main aim of the enquiry or its priority is to develop a detai led discussion that will provide conditions that are favorable to the research process and results in efficient and effective research design or strategy. The aim of research methodology is coming up with the appropriate research process accompanied by the appropriate tools and procedures that will ensure that the entire process is successful (Welman Kruger, 2000). Some of the factors that this chapter will discuss are the research ideal, the target population, research methodology, research design statistical test, and data collection. The samples that have been used were selected from polar organizations. (Welman Kruger, 2000)Research designThe study is a cross sectional descriptive study. This is because it involves a lot of observation and it does not involve any control sample (Welman Kruger, 2000). It involves a section of the population since not everyone in the organization, customers or employees shall be used as a study sample. It will also measure the catamenia and t he past situation. It will enable the study accomplish the specific objectives.PopulationThe population under study includes employees, managers and customers associated with different organizations both males and females.SamplingThe sample of the research shall be obtained through a random selection. This is whereby, managers, employees and regular customers for different organizations shall be picked by names in a random manner (Yin, 1994). This means that the research shall involve people of all ages and demographic attributes. This is to avoid biasness through using people of the same attributes.The formulae for finding the sample size is as follows when using the 95%ss =Z 2 * (p) * (1-p)c 2WhereZ = Z value (e.g. 1.96 for 95% confidence level)p = percentage picking a choice, expressed as decimal(20%) used for sample size needed)c = confidence interval, expressed as decimal(e.g., .05 = 4)In the case of the research, p is 20% or 0.2. , Therefore, the sample size shall be 50 people .Methods of data collectionData shall be collected using two main methods. There shall be administration of the questionnaires (Yin, 1994). This is whereby the some set up questions shall be given to the managers, customers, and employees under study to fill up. thence also, an interview shall be carried out mainly to them. Finally, data shall also be retrieved from the secondary sources like the internet and books.Methods of data analysisData shall be analyzed using a statistical tool known as Microsoft Excel. Then the results shall be presented using a range of presentation tools specifically the charts and graphs (Yin, 1994).Scope and limitationsThere are number of limitations that are likely to affect the study. One of the main predicted limitations includes the issue of time. This is because much time is needed for the data collection, filling in of the questionnaires, the process of interviewing as well as reviewing some secondary data computer storage as well as for me to mo ve around to collect information (Sekaran, 1992). Another predicted form of limitation is finances. This is due to the expenses to be incurred in travelling and buy some materials for the research. It may be hard obtaining particular data that is secondary in nature.Ethical considerationsA number of ethical considerations shall be taken to ensure that the study will be legally carried (Sekaran, 1992). First and fore most consent shall be sort from the organizations, which the research will be carried. This is whereby the management shall be presented a letter to seek license to carry out the research. Another very important precaution is to get consent from the individual people on which research shall be carried. They shall be clearly informed about the research, the benefits, and their responsibility. Finally, before, any information is retrieved from either any institution or the government then permission shall be sort.

The Differences Between Reward and Recognition

The Differences Between Reward and RecognitionWhilst these terms are a great deal used interchangeably, honour and recognition systems should be conceived individually. Employee reward systems pertain to programs arrange by a organization to reward performance and motivate employees on better and/or team levels. Theyre generally conceived individual from render but possibly pecuniary in nature or distinguishablely have a pecuniary value to the organization. Although antecedently believed the area of big companies, small dividing line sector have also commenced hiring them as a instrument to entice top employees in a competitive job market as well as to increase employee performance.As observed, while employee acknowledgment programs are frequently aggregated with reward programs they hold a different aim altogether. Recognition programs are normally not pecuniary in nature although they may have a constitute to the organiozation.What is Merit Pay?In contrast to bonuses and in centives, merit net requires giving employees a permanent pay rise established on his/her past performance. a good deal the companys performance appraisal system (PAS) is used to check performance levels and the employees are granted a salary increase, such as a 10% outgrowth in pay. One likely problem with merit pay is that employees come to expect pay increments. In companies that give yearly merit raises without a different raise for increments in cost of living, merit pay finishes up serving as a cost-of-living allowance and creates a feel of entitlement on the part of employees, with eve low performers anticipating them. Therefore, devising merit pay more than effectual depends upon making it genuinely dependent on performance and designing a comparatively nonsubjective appraisal system.What are Compensation Factors that Man daysment Should Consider?When management is setting salaries for thier employees there are numerous factors to consider. Their compensation should b e decided by more than just whether they can do work for you or not?Management need to be sure that theyre looking at what compensation factors pull up stakes concern those that work for them. Theyve to remember that employees are loss to go where it testament be of more benefit to them. That means that management require to be able to support a good offer if they want employees to work for them.listed below are few thoughts for compensation factors that management should consider. For each business sector there will be different applications, so not all of them are right for your choice of business.What type of business sector you own. If you are a sales exit then commission will work great, but if you are a production company then sales will not impact galore(postnominal) of your workers. The different sections and divisions within the business enterprise will also make a difference. The waitresses will be able to accumulate tips but the cooks arent out with the customers t o be tipped.The list of duties and responsibilities that are anticipated of the employee. At the utmost of the food chain there will be less obligation, if the person that just got employed is making as is as the supervisor over them, but the duties are different, you may find youve few disturbed supervisors. As their job requisites increase there should be more compensation given.The time and exertion that has put into the job. Youll find that some employees have a driving force to do everything they can to give it their best. early(a)wise people will be more prepared to take the minimal workload and be through with work the moment the clock assures them its alright. For those employees that volunteer to do more and that give a distinguished effort, there should be more compensation for them. If youre anticipating committee members to set up a presentation, give them additional pay for the time they put into it.On that same note, youll find that some people are collecting the a bate from those that are just there to do the lowest they can. For those that are accepting additional and doing all they can to compensate for those that do not portion out, there should be a reward. They should be acknowledged for their efforts and compensated in addition to their normal salaries.When an employee is employed, look at their education. If theyve an accounting degree and youre seeking a financial consultant or an accountant, then you should be conformable pay a little more for their knowledge. Youll have applicants that come in below and over qualified, be sure that youve adequate compensation budgeted that you are able to study the person with the right knowledge for your company.Consider their work history. If theyve years of experience, they should be compensated. Those years help you to have that much more of an advantage, adding their education to their experience you may have someone that can make a big difference in your company. Also, if you are employing e ven for the least job, then you need to know that theyre going to be with you for at least a good amount of time. Its expensive to train, so if you are able to reward them for being at their preceding jobs for an extensive amount of time then you may find a patriotic employee.Remember that happy employees are the only way to keep a business running in the right direction.How to Motivate Employees at Workplace?By Updating the Employee of the Month program Besides placing their picture and alloting them a terrific pose zone, give them something they could actually enjoy, Something that will motivate your round to be the best they can be.Commence by determining a goal for your staff acquiring them recognise what youd like do and allowing them help come up with a plan of action to accomplish that goal. And after that, inform them what their reward will be for finishing the task.Motivate employees with a drop by the wayside day You can motivate employees by giving them a day off from work and a free pass to watch some movie or enjoy hi-tea etc. A day off with salary is something every employee wish to savor It will surely motivate employees to work for those day offs with free passes.Family Day How about planning a family day for the employees where they are invited along with their immediate familes to enjoy a fun-filled day. There could be various activities invloved for children and others to enjoy.Donuts Treat Sometimes actions like as simple as buying donuts and coffee for your employees once a week and discussing something other than work for an hour or so will motivate employees also. You need to show your care to employees.Annual and Individual Bonuses Annual Bonuses are basically one-time rewards that major power be in result of some specific achievements of employees. For instance, an employee who accomplishes the quarterly goals set for his/her may be rewarded with a lump sum bonus. Employee motivation consequent from a bonus is normally related to the degree of advanced knowledge considering bonus particulars.Team Bonuses There are certain situations in which employees should collaborate with one some other and setting apart employee performance is harder, companies are progressively recurring to binding employee pay to team performance. E.g., in 2007, Wal-Mart gave incentives to around 80% of their associates based on general store performance. If employees have a reasonable power to enhance their overall teams performance level, these programs can be handy.Organizational ExamplesFollowing rewards and compensation benefits are seen in different renowned organizations around the globe.Wal-Mart Stores Out of many factors that have resulted in the success of Wal-Mart is its happy employees. Wal-Mart has successfully managed to rtain happy bunch of employees through effective motivation. motif at Wal-Mart can be seen at all levels of positions and departments at Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart have various motivational techniques in order to prove that they not only care about profit they attain through their workforce, but employees personal b eing as well.Here are some other ways of motivation in palce at Wal-Mart StoresCalling employess as associates onstead of employeeCalling eachother by their first name from top management to hourly associates.Giving respect to each associate disregardless of their .position in the company.Health insurance for each associate and their immediate family members.By hiring a psycologist to give counseling to associates facing some problems.Mobilink GSM PakistanMobilink runs its business enterprise on the basis of its slogan that Our people are our greatest assets. We take great pride in admitting the contribution each one of us makes.Mobilink use the undermentioned motivational techniques to motivate their employeesManagement by objectivesEmployee acknowledgment programsEmployee engagement programsVariable salary programsSkill-based salary plansCompromising benefits.Nestle Pak istan Ltd.Specified contribution program The alliance engages a accredited provident fund for all its regular employees. Equal monthly shares are constituted to the fund both by the Company and the employees at the rate of 12% of the basic pay and cost of living allowance in addition to it. Nestle has receive plans for betterment of its employees, thus leaving employees with clear knowledge of how the organization is caring about its employees by providing sustainable resources in terms of health, insurance and incentives etc. Suggestions and ideas towards the betterment of any organizational processes are encourged. opposite main facilities which Nestle grants to its employees to keep them motivated at workpalce areIncremented salaryJob Security and IntegrityAnnual GratuityAnnual BonusesOld age benefitsResidence facilities and AllowncesTransportationHealth and safetyTelenor Pakistan Ltd.Below are different ways in which employees are motivated at Telenor Pakistan areSolving casu al residence issues of employees including remodeling, repairs, house-sitting, etc.Supporting in any legal issues.Supporting in financial issues.Education plans for childrens.Health care.Tesco UKStaff training and devlopment programsDiscount for staff purchasesClub points systemFlexibilityBonusesFree uniformHolidays/holiday vouchers Free PassesOpen opportunitiesUnilever IndiaMotivational techniques in place at Unilever India, includes Provident fund, off days. houseclean and drop facility, training camps, health care, meternity care and pesion schemes.Flex Industries LimitedAt Flex Industries Ltd, they have a generous incentive scheme, which has assisted them in increase productiveness by 30-40% as well as minimizing wastage by 2-3 %. Bonuses are extended to all levels of employees.FordWorkplace safetyDiversitificationProfessional Growth and devlopment movement rewardsTrainingsRemuneration and benefitsVolvoA Learning and competitive EnvironmentA Fair Wage PolicyRegular Medical Examination of all employeesOpenness and approve amongst co-workersMeasuring Progress with effective performance appraisal systemRewardsDiversityVolkswagenAttractive employment plansJob securityGood working climate through leadership and cooperationpayment in line with performancePersonal development opportunitiesCoca ColaBy furnishing competitive compensation and benefits, coca cola goal to motivate its employees though bounding employee turnover. Besides compensation and benefits, coca cola also extend several other programs for its employees that broaden beyond the workplace. For example, as part of its verity to youth development, Coca cola offer college scholarship opportunities to the children of its employees. coca cola also provide opportunities for employees to improve their educational standing.

The Beginning of Human Life Form Essay -- Artificial Protocells Essays

The Beginning of Human Life FormAs science and technology advance, an understanding of the origin of life becomes a feasible possibility. Artificial life research seeks to mimic life and to gain knowledge of the origin of life through reenacting it. This research strives to create the simplest potential organism that fulfills every last(predicate) of the requirements of life. These researchers define life as that which can evolve, self-reproduce, metabolize, adapt to environmental changes, and, ultimately, die. A fundamental concept behind research attempts is emergent properties, those that arise in much complex levels and are not predictable from the properties of lower hierarchical levels. Researchers use two approaches to create protolife the bottom up approach strives to create life from inanimate components, while the top down approach attempts to simplify living cells to create the simplest possible cell and thus give a glimpse of a possible form of the first living c ell. The bottom up approach seems to be the more widely attempted method because it is believed that if nature had to start with simple structure blocks, we should do the same.There are two theories about the order in which life emerged one assumes the primacy of metabolism and cellular organization while the other assumes the primacy of reproduction and transmissible information (Lifson). Thus, much relevant research focuses on determining whether the origin of life began with self-replicating, information storing molecules (such(prenominal) as RNA or PNA) or with other molecules such as lipids or proteins (which form, for instance, encapsulating membranes). Whatever the order in which these characteristics evolved, there are three components a protocell m... ... Internet document accessed 11/21/04. http//www.geocities.com/giantfideli/CellNEWS_Scientists_to_Create_A_New_Form_of_Life.htmlLifson, Shneior. On the essential Stages in the Origin of Animate Matter. Journal of Molecular Evolution (1997) 441-8.Rasmussen, Chen, et al. Transitions from Nonliving to Living Matter. Science. Volume 303. 02/13/04. Rasmussen, Steen, et al. Bridging Nonliving and Living Matter. (2003). Bada, Jeffrey L. and Antonio Lazeano. Prebiotic SoupRevisiting the moth miller Experiment. Science. Vol. 300 745-56. May 2003.Scientists Create a Virus. CreationTalk.com Forum. Internet document accessed 11/21/04. http//www.creationtalk.com/message-board-forum/viewtopic.php?t= 482&view=nextZimmer, Carl. What Came before DNA? Discover. Vol. 25 34-41. June 2004.

Treatment for Tuberculosis :: Medical Biology Disease TB

Treatment for terabitTuberculosis has many forms that fire invade the body. Many cures fill drugs and multiple combinations of the drugs. Drugs are used in combinations be puzzle tuberculosis can travel to different parts of the body. One of the causes for the spread of tuberculosis around the world is the increment drug- resistance strain. Tuberculosis can become resistant to most, if not all, of the drugs that are used to treat tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a bacteria infection that affects many throng over the world. Treatment for the disease helps people but it is limited. Vaccination is sought but, like treatment, is limited. Because of these limitations Tuberculosis spreads and kills easily. Tuberculosis can be cured by uniform drug therapy. One of the first steps to treating Tuberculosis is identifying which form has developed in the body. The two forms that could progress in the body are latent Tuberculosis infection and active Tuberculosis infection (CDC, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports). Latent Tuberculosis is the dormant form of the bacteria, meaning that it is inactive and doesn?t cause an infectious reaction in the body. Even if the latent form enters the body, treatment should be sought (CDC, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports). Latent Tuberculosis can become active Tuberculosis easily though, especially if the immune system is compromised by another infection, like HIV (CDC, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports). supple Tuberculosis infects the body immediately. Symptoms show in the body meaning the bacteria is effecting the cells of the body. Identifying the form is important because treatment is dependent upon it. Testing for TB involves a peel off test, usually within seven work-days of contact with the bacteria. Without knowing what is in the body, the drugs won?t be as effective and dexterity even cause drug-resistance. subsequently diagnosing which form is in the body, treatment and therapy ca n begin. After the test, an infected person should inform the health-care provider with information about other people that might be infected. This will help control the spread of Tuberculosis (CDC, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports). Treatment for the infected person means continual drug therapy. Treatment for active Tuberculosis and latent Tuberculosis is usually similar because both forms of the bacteria invade multiple environments of the body. Tuberculosis originates in the lungs, because it enters through air, and sometimes spreads to other organs, called extrapulmonary Tuberculosis (World Health Organization19).